Community Level. The Service will have a broad knowledge of community health needs and resources available e.g. health profiles, Children’s Centres and self-help groups to work in partnership to develop these where there is identified need and make sure families know about them. These will include: Empower families within the local community, through maximising family resilience. Develop community resources and capacity with involvement of local agencies and community groups as appropriate. Collate and co-ordinate information, data and intelligence in order to ensure that the best interests of the child are met. Use information and intelligence about communities’ assets in partnership with communities to support the health and wellbeing of 0-6 year olds, to inform the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA). Use intelligence to develop a service offer to respond to local need. Raise awareness and promote the services offered to professionals, children and young people and their families. Work in partnership with Children’s Services in the local authority and community and voluntary sector to ensure that local innovation can flourish and appropriate developments grown. Work with the Council’s Stronger Communities to identify and develop peer support groups and where appropriate support existing groups. Use networks to improve public health; signposting families to other services already existing locally, particularly early years’ services and professionals but also adult education and training. Utilise local media opportunities for health promotion.
Community Level. At the community level, media campaigns are necessary for increasing awareness about public health issues such as cancer. Public service announcements on the television, radio, and in print all help to enhance people’s understanding of the prevention and treatment options available for specific diseases. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), for example, currently has a campaign called “Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts About Gynecologic Cancer”. This campaign helps to raise awareness of gynecologic cancers and increase women’s understanding of the significance of monitoring their own bodies for abnormalities (CDC, 2012d). Further, pharmaceutical companies like Merck, which produces the HPV vaccine, also spend large sums of money on marketing and promotion to increase awareness about the vaccine through television commercials, radio messaging, and print advertisements. These public health campaigns are especially relevant in low-resource settings like El Salvador where public broadcasting, often through the radio, is one of the only ways for people to obtain news and public health education. In addition to radios in private homes, cars and trucks with loud speakers can be found driving slowly through city streets, blaring anything from popular music to political and public health campaign messaging. Health-related public service announcements, like those emphasizing the significance of cervical cancer screening and vaccination, can be delivered to large numbers of people by including them in public broadcasting efforts in low- and middle-income countries. Given that so many cancers are due to modifiable risk factors, these public health messaging campaigns are critical to minimizing the cancer burden. Campaigns have the potential to not only improve early detection and treatment outcomes, but also things like communication between patients and health care providers (Xxxxxxxxx, 2005).
Community Level. Athletes and Entitlement Xxxxxxx (2015) identified a positive correlation between entitlement and a perceived lack of disciplinary consequences related to sexual violence as well as a correlation between entitlement and less likelihood to intervene to prevent sexual assault (Xxxxxxx, 2015). Living in special residences as some collegiate athletes do, can create strong group bonds, (Xxxxxxx, 1992) which may insulate athletes from outside forces (Xxxxxx et. al., 2007). The special status of collegiate football players in relation to sources of funding, institutional ties, and social tradition may create a perceived “closing of the ranks” type of protection from reprimand (Xxxxxx et. al., 2007; Gage, 2008). Gage (2008) found that athletes are often immune to, or protected against, external reprimand because of the money their teams produce for the school as well as their historical prominence within collegiate settings (Gage, 2008).
Community Level. Outcome Indicators & Targets 80% of promoters graduate at least two mothers’/fathers’ clubs per year; VHCs formed and functioning regularly; volunteer animatrices support new mothers in EBF; mothers demonstrate appropriate knowledge & practices at target levels key informant interviews during external evaluations; project HIS.
Community Level. The 2nd tier of an Integrated Responsible Retailing model is a community context which connects the public and private sectors in a collaborative, problem−solving approach to underage sales and use. R−E agencies have the dual role of enforcing laws on age−restricted products and also of assisting retailers to identify, adopt and sustain Responsible Retailing practices that are appropriate for that community. Retailers are seen not merely as objects of enforcement who are "compliant" or "non−compliant." Rather, retailers and their wholesalers/ distributors are seen as active partners with R−E agencies to identify and address community−level patterns of underage acquisition and use. This model, based upon the principles of "Community Policing," allows public and private stakeholders together to address the actual patterns of underage access and use of alcohol and other age− restricted products within the community and to consider coherent strategies to reduce use and abuse by minors.
Community Level. The monitoring efforts at this level must support and enhance the participation of the community and its appreciation of its own health status and the services being provided to it, and engage them in the solution of the health and service problems detected. The community becomes involved through the various groupings present: the village health committee, the clubs of mothers and fathers, the satisfied or not satisfied clients of health services, the animatrices and the support groups for breastfeeding. These groups provide the channels for communication of the project’s progress and for engaging the community in the activities of health development. The major source of data at this level is the promoter. Elements of data produced include: • Family folders for each targeted household (under 5 children, women of reproductive age, sick persons including TB and/or HIV/AIDS, family planning clients), including the changing classifications (red, yellow, etc) of those folders and families to indicate risk, need for additional attention, or behavior change target (e.g. potential user of contraceptives) • Weekly or biweekly verbal report on progress during regular meetings with the supervising auxiliary • Monthly written report of home visits made, progress as a result of those visits based on changes in the family folder classifications and solution of family problems such as illness, events (reports of community meetings (village health committee, mothers club sessions, COSAM activities, other), visits completed, problems identified, and progress in resolving problems previously identified. Each promoter will have activity targets by indicator, and these reports will document achievements relative to these targets, as well as failures. Analysis of achievements, problem identification, plans for problem solution, and reports of the success of such problem resolution will make decisions and planned action part of these reports. • Monthly vital statistics reports (births, deaths, migration) • Rally post report of attendance, growth, immunization • VCR of the quality of delivery assistance by local TBAs • Reports of contact tracing for STIs or TB An additional report about this level but by the auxiliary will be: • Reports from the regular supervision of the promoter and the village by the supervising auxiliary or the UCS nurse supervisor Another report will be: • LQAS studies of maternal behaviors, initially quarterly, later 6 monthly (by the Project statistician ...
Community Level. The third level of the social ecological model assesses the community contexts in which social relationships are surrounded and attempts to identify the characteristics of these settings that are associated with being a victim or offender of violence (Xxxxxxxx LL, 2002). In Table 2, a list of commonly identified risk factors at the community level illustrate that the perpetration of youth violence is associated with factors that not only influence individual and relationship context, but also impact groups context. The community level is primarily focused on settings or institutions in which social relationships take place (Xxxxxxxx LL, 2002). Some common examples of community settings include schools, neighborhoods, and workplaces. In the U.S., school-age children and adolescents spend many hours in school, therefore schools are widely considered to be important settings for developing youth and focusing youth violence interventions (Xxxxxx et al, 2013; Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, and Xxxx-Xxxxxxxxx, 2004; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Research has investigated how the intersecting social ecologies of family and school interacted with one another and in turn how they were related to youth violent behavior (Xxxxxx et al, 2013; Community Preventive Services Task Force, n.d.). There is supporting information that if students felt connected to their schools, they reported engaging in fewer types of violent behavior over time (RAND, 2001; Xxxx, 2005). Among other factors, this may also be attributed to the fact that almost a decade ago most violence prevention programs were dominantly employed in schools; some of which have been evaluated as ineffective in preventing violence among youth (Xxxxxxx D et al, 1998).
