Epidemiology Clause Samples

Epidemiology. Mild or severe hearing loss is not a rare disorder, its prevalence increasing with age from around one per 1000 at birth to 1.6 per 1000 in adolescence, and to 88 per 1000 at age 65. In this project we mainly focused on the group who were, or became, severely deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) at a young age. There is no linear correlation between how persons who are DHH function in daily life and their degree of hearing loss in decibels, or with the type of hearing aids (such as amplification and cochlear implant) they use. Their functioning depends on a complex blend of interacting internal and external factors. Internal factors vary per individual, e.g. cause of the hearing loss, time elapsed since hearing loss occurred, severity of hearing loss (mild, moderate or severe), progression of hearing loss over time, comorbidities, visual/intellectual and social functioning. External factors may vary as well. Important external factors are quality and duration of audiological, psychological and communication interventions, the availability of local and national facilities for DHH people, including education and mode of communication (spoken language, sign language or sign supported spoken language) used by parents and other carers. Various ways to categorize severity of hearing loss are described in the literature (chapter 2). In this thesis ‘DHH’ is used to describe anyone with any degree or type of hearing loss. The term ‘severe DHH’ is used to describe people who experience difficulties in understanding a spoken conversation without using visual support.

Epidemiology. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is now firmly established as a significant healthcare issue and is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea in the developed world. The unprecedented rise in prevalence in recent years, starting in the late 1990s with outbreaks in the US and Canada, has resulted in CDI becoming endemic in the North American and European healthcare systems. In the USA, the CDC reported a total of 350,000 cases in 2010 (Figure 2: Data from HCUP Statistical Brief #124 and CDC National Vital Statistic Reports) although reliable estimates put the annual number of cases at around 500,000. Although the rise in prevalence seems to have halted in the US, figures over the last few years suggest that a plateau has been reached at around 4 fold more cases than reported in 1993. Overall, this has placed an enormous financial and human welfare burden on the healthcare system. Healthcare costs in the US are estimated at >$1bn p.a and the individual cost of each CDI case in the EU is €33,840. The management of patients with CDI often requires isolation and environmental decontamination and in the case of outbreaks may necessitate cohort isolation and wa▇▇ ▇losure. Although CDI is a disease that disproportionally affects the elderly or immunocompromised, increasing numbers of cases are being reported in previously low risk groups such as the young. There is increasing awareness of CDI as an emerging community issue with community onset CDI now being linked with higher risk of associated colectomy. A similar picture has been reported in the UK where a dramatic rise in prevalence resulted in a peak of >55,000 cases in 2006 and although significant efforts in the UK have reduced the number of cases, recent data suggests a stabilisation at around 20,000 p.a. The wider European picture continues to show an increasing number of cases in Denmark, Finland, Germany and Spain and an on-going north to south spread of the disease across the continent. Although now endemic in the EU and USA, CDI in Eastern Asia and Australia has recently started to emerge as a significant issue. Although Australia has historically had a relatively well controlled level of CDI with few cases progressing to severe disease in 2011 the first cases of CDI due to hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 strains were encountered and a similar picture has been emerging in Japan.

Epidemiology. Partner agrees to make data generated pursuant to clinical trials in the Field that are relevant to the epidemiology of any disease in the Field publicly available within [*****] of the generation of such data.

Epidemiology. ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 444-3165, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇.▇▇▇

Epidemiology. The newly detected number of patients (NCD) with leprosy in 2010 was 228.474, which is about 50% of the NCD in 1985. Up to 10% of new leprosy cases occur in children under 15 years.1;2 This means that even though elimination strategies have had a positive effect, leprosy is still endemic in South East Asia, South America and Africa, India and Brazil being the most affected. An explanation may be that contagious patients are not discovered in time. Leprosy is an infectious and immunological disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It is transmitted by leprosy patients who may carry many bacilli, particularly multibacillary patients, usually by sneezing or coughing. Of those infected only few develop leprosy. Leprosy is a generalized disease which especially affects skin and nerves. The clinical presentation and damage done depend on host immunity. Skin and nerve involvement and damage may occur by infiltration with M. leprae, or in particular during leprosy reactions, which may occur before, during or after treatment. Skin infections | Bacterial In paucibacillary (PB) leprosy there is strong cellular immunity. Five or less well demarcated hypopigmented or slightly erythematous skin patches with loss of sensation are seen on the skin and no bacilli are found in the patches. One or more local or regional nerves may be enlarged. In multibacillary (MB) leprosy there are more than five skin lesions which may be flat, popular, nodular or plaques. In total absence of a cell mediated immune response the whole skin may be infiltrated (Lepra ▇▇▇▇▇▇). MB patients have positive skin smears and are contagious. Leprosy reactions may cause severe nerve damage if not recognized and treated properly. Symptoms of reversal reactions (RR) are erythema and swelling of previous lesions, appearance of new lesions or enlargement, tenderness and loss of function of nerves.7 Sometimes there is acral edema. In erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) tender erythematous nodules appear, nerves may become tender and the patient usually feels sick. Other organs may be affected too, causing for example arthritis, lymphadenitis, orchitis and iridocyclitis. Ulceration is secondary to the loss of protective sensation and may lead to cellulitis, deep infections, osteomyelitis and consequently loss of digits, causing deformity. • Lupus vulgaris • Atypical mycobacterial infection • Leishmaniasis • Sarcoidosis • Pityriasis versicolor • Granuloma annulare • Vitiligo • Erythema nododum • Yaws • Kaposi sarc...

Epidemiology. Epidemiology is increasingly being used in food safety to study the links between the frequency and distribution of adverse health effects in specific populations and specific food-borne hazards. This includes observational studies of human illness such as case-control, analysis of surveillance data, and focused research (see given below). The usefulness of epidemiology depends on the availability of data.

Epidemiology. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, RN, 444-3165, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇.▇▇▇ Due 4th Quarter Review and update your jurisdiction's Pandemic Influenza Plan. Upload your plan review worksheet to the progress report and upload your latest version of your plan if edits were made over the previous year.

Epidemiology. Psoriasis is a common skin disease in children although the prevalence is much lower than in adults. The total rate of psoriasis in children younger than 18 years found in Germany was 0.71% while this was 1.4% in Great Britain.

Epidemiology. The prevalence of OCA is relatively low at general schools in sub-Sahara Africa.1;2 Children affected with OCA are more commonly found in schools for the blind. Several prevalence studies in South Africa, Tanzania, Nigeria and Zimbabwe show figures of 1/5000-1/15000 but prevalences as high as 1 in 1000 were reported for selected populations.1-6 The medical and social issues facing children with OCA are enormous and life expectancy is decreased compared with the general population.7