Epidemiology. Strategic Prevention Framework Overview
Epidemiology. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is now firmly established as a significant healthcare issue and is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea in the developed world. The unprecedented rise in prevalence in recent years, starting in the late 1990s with outbreaks in the US and Canada, has resulted in CDI becoming endemic in the North American and European healthcare systems. In the USA, the CDC reported a total of 350,000 cases in 2010 (Figure 2: Data from HCUP Statistical Brief #124 and CDC National Vital Statistic Reports) although reliable estimates put the annual number of cases at around 500,000. Although the rise in prevalence seems to have halted in the US, figures over the last few years suggest that a plateau has been reached at around 4 fold more cases than reported in 1993. Overall, this has placed an enormous financial and human welfare burden on the healthcare system. Healthcare costs in the US are estimated at >$1bn p.a and the individual cost of each CDI case in the EU is €33,840. The management of patients with CDI often requires isolation and environmental decontamination and in the case of outbreaks may necessitate cohort isolation and waxx xlosure. Although CDI is a disease that disproportionally affects the elderly or immunocompromised, increasing numbers of cases are being reported in previously low risk groups such as the young. There is increasing awareness of CDI as an emerging community issue with community onset CDI now being linked with higher risk of associated colectomy. A similar picture has been reported in the UK where a dramatic rise in prevalence resulted in a peak of >55,000 cases in 2006 and although significant efforts in the UK have reduced the number of cases, recent data suggests a stabilisation at around 20,000 p.a. The wider European picture continues to show an increasing number of cases in Denmark, Finland, Germany and Spain and an on-going north to south spread of the disease across the continent. Although now endemic in the EU and USA, CDI in Eastern Asia and Australia has recently started to emerge as a significant issue. Although Australia has historically had a relatively well controlled level of CDI with few cases progressing to severe disease in 2011 the first cases of CDI due to hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 strains were encountered and a similar picture has been emerging in Japan.
Epidemiology. Mild or severe hearing loss is not a rare disorder, its prevalence increasing with age from around one per 1000 at birth to 1.6 per 1000 in adolescence, and to 88 per 1000 at age 65. In this project we mainly focused on the group who were, or became, severely deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) at a young age. There is no linear correlation between how persons who are DHH function in daily life and their degree of hearing loss in decibels, or with the type of hearing aids (such as amplification and cochlear implant) they use. Their functioning depends on a complex blend of interacting internal and external factors. Internal factors vary per individual, e.g. cause of the hearing loss, time elapsed since hearing loss occurred, severity of hearing loss (mild, moderate or severe), progression of hearing loss over time, comorbidities, visual/intellectual and social functioning. External factors may vary as well. Important external factors are quality and duration of audiological, psychological and communication interventions, the availability of local and national facilities for DHH people, including education and mode of communication (spoken language, sign language or sign supported spoken language) used by parents and other carers. Various ways to categorize severity of hearing loss are described in the literature (chapter 2). In this thesis ‘DHH’ is used to describe anyone with any degree or type of hearing loss. The term ‘severe DHH’ is used to describe people who experience difficulties in understanding a spoken conversation without using visual support.
Epidemiology. Partner agrees to make data generated pursuant to clinical trials in the Field that are relevant to the epidemiology of any disease in the Field publicly available within [*****] of the generation of such data.
Epidemiology. Xxxx Xxxxxx, 444-3165, xxxxxxxx.xxxxxx@xx.xxx
Epidemiology. 1 Risk Factors. 3 Prevention 3 Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities. 4 Geographic Differences in Colorectal Cancer Survival. 5 Rural-Urban Classifications and Access to Colorectal Cancer Care. 6 Rationale and specific aims 8 Chapter 2. Manuscript. 10 Introduction. 10 Materials and Methods. 12 Results. 17 Discussion. 20 Chapter 3. Conclusion. 27 Public Health Implications. 27 Future Recommendations. 27 References. 29 Tables and Figures. 34
Epidemiology. 7.4.4 Combination of Approaches 7.5 Responsibilities of Risk Managers in Commissioning and Guiding a Risk Assessment 7.5.1 Forming the Risk Assessment Team
Epidemiology. A meta-analysis was conducted in 2004 into the prevalence of antenatal depression (Xxxxxxx et al., 2004). The meta-analysis included studies published since 1980. Twenty-one studies were identified, with seven based on clinical diagnoses of depression rated through structured clinical interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; SADS). The remaining studies were based on ratings of depression using self-report measures such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Xxxx Depression Inventory (BDI). The authors reported the point prevalence of depression by trimester, with rates of 7.4% in the first, 12.8% in the second and 12.0% in the third trimester. Prevalence estimated through structured interviews did not differ significantly from rates attained through the EPDS, but were significantly lower that rates attained through the BDI. Xxxxx and colleagues (2005), reviewed studies where depression during pregnancy had been rated only through structured clinical interviews (Xxxxx et al., 2005). They reported a period prevalence rate (conception to birth) for MDD of 12.7%. In both studies there were methodological flaws, such as the exclusion of women with previous psychiatric histories and of low socioeconomic status. Given that both of these factors are well-known risk factors for depression (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2008), it is likely that these are conservative estimates. One of the potential mechanisms that might underlie the association between the experience of childhood abuse, an early-life adversity, and depression in pregnancy is through the long-term alteration of the neuroendocrine system. Specifically, and as reviewed below, childhood abuse (especially in the context of adult depression) leads to persistent activation of the main hormonal stress system, the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. In turn, pregnancy in itself is also associated with a persistent activation of the HPA axis, and therefore it is plausible that this makes pregnancy a particular “risk period” for the development of depression following childhood abuse.
Epidemiology. According to the latest estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO),
Epidemiology. Accurate findings for the prevalence of psoriasis are difficult to obtain due to the lack of a validated diagnostic criterion and the different case definitions (self-reported versus physician’s diagnosis) across the studies (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2007). Important factors in the variation of the prevalence of psoriasis include age, gender, geography, and ethnicity, likely due to genetic and environmental factors (Xxxxxx et al., 2020). The prevalence rates appear to depend on the distance from the equator. Populations located closer to the equator (e.g., Egypt, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Taiwan) have lower rates of psoriasis than countries more distant from it (e.g., Europe and Australia) (Xxxxxx et al., 2020). Higher prevalence rates are reported in Caucasians compared with other ethnic groups (Xxxxxx, 1998). Furthermore, characteristics of psoriasis such as its remitting–relapsing course, diversity of clinical presentations, and heterogeneity in severity may influence the vast difference in prevalence estimates (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2018). Aspects of the research design and methodology may also be significant. Different definitions of prevalence, case definitions, sample frames and procedures, and age groups studied are all examples of this (Xxxxxxx et al., 2005). Despite these limitations, several variations in the prevalence of psoriasis have been documented and it is estimated to affect between 2-4% of the population in western countries (Xxxxxx et al., 2020). North- and South- Eastern Europe have substantially higher rates than the United Kingdom. Physician-diagnosed psoriasis is estimated to affect roughly 6% of the population in Denmark (Egeberg, Andersen, & Thyssen, 2019), 8.5% in Norway (Bø, Xxxxxxxx, & Dalgard, 2008), 2%-3% in Italy (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2018), and 1.3% in France (Xxxxxxx, Sbidian, Weill, & Mezzarobba, 2021). In Australia, psoriasis is thought to range from 2% to nearly 7% (Kilkenny, Stathakis, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxx, 1998; Xxxxxxxx et al., 1999; Xxxxx, 1979). Whereas in the United States, the estimated rates are similar to those in the United Kingdom, reaching around 2% of the population (Kurd & Xxxxxxx, 2009; Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2004). In Europe, however, research based on self- reported diagnoses appeared to have higher prevalence rates than research based on physician diagnoses (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2013). As a result, the identified geographic variations could be attributable ...
