Programmatic Recommendations. Given the constraints of resources necessary to provide all of Amhara, Ethiopia with complete sanitation infrastructure, it is clear that a renewed push for health education specific to trachoma, sanitation, and hygiene is needed in Amhara. Even in areas with a reduction in trachoma prevalence from baseline, the goal of elimination and sustained reduction will depend on sustained behavior change in washing and latrine usage by students, teachers, and the broader community. To conceptualize the desired outcomes and programmatic capacity to support ‘F’ and ‘E’ initiatives in Amhara, recall the conceptual framework devised in Figure 4 (below): In order for the SAFE strategy to be effective, it is known that ‘F’ for facial cleanliness requires access to clean water, soap, habit/regimented behavior, and education. Likewise, ‘E’ for environmental improvement requires universal household (and school) latrine coverage, community certification of ODF (Open Defecation Free), habit of use/regimented behavior, and education. For both ‘F’ and ‘E’ the first two factors belong in infrastructure development. In the ecological framework laid out in Figure 4, much of the burden of infrastructure is placed on the micro- and meso-levels with support from the government at the macro level. Across the region, teachers asked for visual aids and guidebooks (lesson plans) in order to best teach students about trachoma. This thesis, then, recommends two specific programmatic actions: 1) produce and distribute visual aids for classroom use, and 2) produce and distribute guidebooks (containing lesson plans) for teachers to use, and 3) provide teacher training and oversight of use of materials. By providing these materials, Bureau of Education in Amhara could emphasize dissemination of correct information about trachoma, the disease itself, treatment, and prevention methods.
Programmatic Recommendations. The point of departure for programmatic recommendations is the observation that presently there is no assistance program with an effective business development in Azerbaijan. A core program is proposed as a strategic direction for but more extensive options are articulated in the body of the paper. These are not summarized here, but they include ways to address post-privatization problems, improve access to capital assets, enrich the education system, and address special needs of economically disadvantaged persons and women. A coordinated business development program will provide the greatest leverage of foreign assistance funds, and can incorporate many of these innovative options for assistance. With that in mind, the following is a summary of the major business development program elements: Business Finance Component. An integrated business finance activity would focus on medium-sized companies, and those entrepreneurial enterprises with high-growth potential, thus offering loans in a range of $50,000 to $500,000 and providing some $25 million per year in total finance. This includes technical assistance to banks to improve their credit administration, coordination with other donor credit programs, and support for capital markets initiatives that would provide a comprehensive approach to financial underwriting. The activity also pursue appropriate initiatives for deposit insurance, leasing, and access to venture capital and equity investments.
Programmatic Recommendations. This study revealed a widespread lack of agency as it relates to advocating for legal rights to food, and a sense of disempowerment. These two challenges can be mitigated by organizations such as CARE India through the development and implementation of community-empowerment focused activities in an effort to increase self-advocacy for legal rights; because the right to food is enshrined in Indian policy, citizens must become empowered to obtain their legal entitlements. Pregnant and lactating women and their families not only need to be well informed on the resources to which they are entitled, but must also be informed about strategies they can use to advocate for their legal right to these provisions. Programmatic interventions to improve families’ awareness of the benefits to which they are entitled and support the development of self-advocacy strategies to demand access will improve their ability to obtain improved food and nutrition resources.
