Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 109 at 119 (fns. omitted). 131 Xxxxxxx (2015), at 48. See likewise Xxxxxxxx (2017), at 91 (‘an unfortunate omission of the ILC’).
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 201 at 210 (fns. omitted). Shraga referred to, inter alia, Xxxxxxxxxx, who stated as to whether IHL is binding on international organizations: ‘Strictly speaking, the theory under which the organization is bound by international humanitarian law as an international person acting in a particular field does not require the international organization in question to contribute to the rules of customary international law concerned. The organization is directly bound.’ X. Xxxxxxxxxx, Accountability under International Humanitarian Law for United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Peace Support Operations (2004), at 170 (fn. omitted). 196 Fassbender (2006), para. 5.3 (fn. omitted, emphasis provided). 197 As explained by Xxxxxxxxxx, ‘the founders of the United Nations did not expect the Organization to exercise power or authority in a way that rights and freedoms of individual persons would be directly affected.’ Fassbender (2006), para. 6.2. 198 Blokker (2017), at 11.
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 201 Xxxxxx, X., ‘UN Peacekeeping Operations: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law and Responsibility for Operations-Related Damage’, (2000) 94 American Journal of International Law 406 Schreuer (2013) Schreuer, C., ‘International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) (Last updated May 2013)’, in X. Xxxxxx and X. Xxxxxxx (eds.), The Xxx Xxxxxx Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2008) <xxxxxx.xxx/> accessed 21 December 2021 Schreuer (2009) Schreuer, C., ‘What is a Legal Dispute?’, in X. Xxxxxxx and others (eds.), International Law between Universalism and Fragmentation: Festschrift in Honour of Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx (2009), 959 Xx Xxxxxxxx (2010) Xxxxxxxx, O., de, ‘Human Rights and the Rise of International Organisations: the Logic of Sliding Scales in the Law of International Responsibility’, in X. Xxxxxxx et al. (eds.), Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations (2010), 51 Xxxxx, X. and Xxxxxx, P., ‘The Sources of Human Rights Law: Customs, Jus Cogens, and General Principles’, (1988) 12 Australian Yearbook of International Law 82 Xxxxx, X. and Xxxxxxxxx, X., ‘Of Planets and the Universe: Self-Contained Regimes in International Law’, (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 483 Xxxxxx, X., ‘De Drittwirkung van Xxxxxxxxxxxx’ (2012) 41 Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy 44 Xxxxx (2009) Xxxxx, X., ‘Rule of Law: What Does It Mean?’, (2009) 18 Minnesota Journal of International Law 293 Szasz, P., ‘The United Nations Legislates to Limit its Liability’ (1987) 81 Treichl, C., and Xxxxxxxx, A., 'Domestic Jurisdiction over International Financial Institutions for Injuries to Project-Affected Individuals’, (2019) 16 International Organizations Law Review 105 Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, A., ‘Theorizing or Negotiating the Law? A Response to Xxxxxx Xxxxxx’, (2016) 110 AJIL unbound 3 Ubilava (2020) Ubilava, A., ‘Mandatory Investor-State Conciliation in New International Investment Treaties: Innovation and Interpretation’ (Kluwer Mediation Blog, 2020) <xxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxxx- investor-state-conciliation-in-new-international-investment-treaties- innovation-and-interpretation/> accessed 21 December 2021 Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx (2013) Xxxxxxx, X. and Xxxxxx, D., ‘Mothers of Srebrenica: The Obligation to Prevent Genocide and Jus Cogens – Implications for Humanitarian Intervention’ (EJIL: Talk! 2013) <xxxxxxxx.xxx/xxxxxxxx-xxx-xxxxxxxx-xx-xxx- room-i...
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 147 at 155. The ARIO are explicitly not concerned with private law liabilities. G. Gaja, First Report on Responsibility of International Organizations, UN Doc. A/CN.4/532 (2003), para. 29 (‘The provision on the scope of the draft articles should first of all make it clear that the present study is only concerned with responsibility under international law. Thus, issues of civil liability, which have been at the centre of recent litigation before municipal courts, will be left aside. This is not intended to deny the interest of some judicial decisions on civil liability, because these decisions either incidentally address questions of international law or develop some arguments with regard to a municipal law that may be used by analogy’. [fn. omitted]). See also ARIO Commentaries, Art. 1, at 69, para. 3 (‘The reference in paragraph 1 of article 1 and throughout the draft articles to international responsibility makes it clear that the draft articles only take the perspective of international law and consider whether an international organization is responsible under that law.’). 576 ARIO Commentaries, Art. 36, at 126-127, para. 1-2 (emphasis added). 577 See 1996 Report, para. 6-7 (fn. omitted, emphasis added), partially cited in ARIO Commentaries, Art. 3, at 78, para. 1. The 1996 Report likely included that statement in connection with its, unsuccessful, proposal to revive lump-sum agreements (see paragraph 3.4.3.1.3 of this study).
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 15 Xxxxxxx, X., ‘The Stages of the Decline of the Public/Private Distinction’, (1982) 130 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1349 Kessedjian (2020) Xxxxxxxxxx, C., et al., ‘Mediation in Future Investor-State Dispute Settlement Academic Forum on ISDS’ (Academic Forum on ISDS, Concept Paper 2020/16, 2020) Xxxxxxxxx, B., Xxxxxx, N. and Xxxxxxx, X.X., ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’, (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 15 Xxxxxxxx, X., ‘The Emergence of Functionalism in International Institutional Law: Colonial Inspirations’, (2014) 25 European Journal of International Law 645 Xxxxx (2016) Xxxxx, P., ‘Responsibility’, in X. Xxxx Xxxxx, X. Xxxx and X. Xxxxxxxxx (eds.), Xxxxxxx, X.X., ‘Immunity of International Organizations: The Work of the International Law Commission’, in X.X. Xxxxxxx and X. Xxxxxxxxx (eds.), Immunity of International Organizations (2015), 18
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 147
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 55 Xxxxxxx, X., 'Article 105’, in X. Xxxxx et al. (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (2012), at 2158 Zwanenburg (2008) Zwanenburg, M., ‘UN Peace Operations Between Independence and Accountability’, (2008) 5 International Organizations Law Review 23 Zwanenburg (2006) Zwanenburg, M., ‘The Xxx Xxxxx/Xxxxxxxxx Principles: An Appraisal’, (2006) 24 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 641
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 135 – 145 X. Xxxxx, ‘Les limites des pouvoirs du Conseil de Sécurité’, in R.-X. Xxxxx (ed.), Le développement du rôle du Conseil de sécurité (1993), 67 – 81 X. Xxxxx, ‘Peacekeeping’, in X. Xxxxx, X.-X. Xxxx, X. Xxxxx et. al. (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations. A Commentary. Volume I (2012), 1171 – 1199
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 389 – 404 F. L. Xxxxxxxx, ‘The Role of Regional Organizations in the Enforcement of International Law’, in X. Xxxxxxxx (ed.), U. E. Xxxxx (ass. ed.), Allocation of Law Enforcement Authority in the International System. Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law, March 23 to 25, 1994 (1994), 39 – 56 E. P. J. Xxxxx, N. D. White, ‘Peace Operations Conducted by Regional Organizations and Arrangements’, in X. X. Xxxx, X. Xxxxx (eds.), The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations (2010), 163 – 186 X. X. Xxxxxx, ‘The Ombudsperson Institution vs. the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)’ in X. Xxxxxxx, X. Xxxxx, X. Xxxx (eds.), Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations (2010), 373 – 398 X. Xxxxx, ‘ESDP in Practice: Increasingly Varied and Ambitious EU Security and Defence Operations’, in X. Xxxxxx, N. D. Xxxxx (eds.), European Security Law (2007), 61 – 101 X. Xxxxx, ‘Binding International Organisations to Member State Treaties or Responsibility of Member States for Their Own Actions in the Framework of International Organisations’ in X. Xxxxxxx, X. Xxxxx, X. Xxxx (eds.), Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations (2010), 129 – 168
Responsibility of International Organizations. Essays in Memory of Xxx Xxx Xxxxxxxx (2013), 201 – 210 X. X. Xxxx, ‘Interpreting the Law’, in X. Xxxxxxxxx, X. X. Xxxxxx, United Nations Legal Order. Volume I (1995), 169 – 230 X. Xxxxx, ‘The Elements of an internationally Wrongful Act’, in J. Crawford, A. Pellet, S. Olleson (eds.), The Law of International Responsibility (2010), 193 – 220 K. Sturman, A. Hayatou, ‘The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: From Design to Reality’, in U. Engel, J. Gomes Porto (eds.), Africa’s New Peace and Security Architecture: Promoting Norms, Institutionalizing Solutions (2010), 57 – 76 M. Szapiro, ‘International Organisations’ Cooperation in the Field of Conflict Prevention’, in V. Kronenberger, J. Wouters (eds.), The European Union and Conflict Prevention. Policy and Legal Issues (2004), 347 – 368
