Sodium. The commitment to reduce sodium in the meals stems from the fact that nutrition-related chronic diseases remain the primary cause of death among people aged 65 and older. California has a diverse population, and Nutrition Programs in the state provide culturally appropriate meals for many ethnicities. Asian meals traditionally have higher sodium levels. Programs that choose to provide culturally appropriate meals but are concerned with the sodium content of the meals may consider: o Using low-sodium soy sauce or diluting soy sauce with water to produce low-sodium soy sauce; o Offering soy sauce as a condiment to be added by the senior; o Providing Nutrition Education on sodium; o Continuing to work with the sodium levels of meals, making small steps, to reduce the risk of developing kidney stones and possibly decrease bone loss with age; o Not providing potassium chloride salt substitutes; o Noting meals that have more than 1000 mg of sodium on the menu as such: “This meal contains more than 1000 mg of sodium,” or using an icon denoting a high-sodium meal; and o Using low-sodium versions of high-sodium foods when available and feasible within budget allowances. TABLE 1 – TARGET NUTRIENT Nutrient Target Value Per Meal Daily Compliance Range Calories >550 Kcal > 550-700 Kcal Protein 14 grams 14 grams (in the entrée) Fat (% of total calories) 30% <35% weekly average Vitamin A (ug) 250 ug >250 ug 3 out of 5 days/wk Vitamin C (mg) 25 mg 25 mg Vitamin B6 (ug) 0.5 mg >0.5 mg Vitamin X00 (xx) ** 0.8 ug 0.8 ug** Calcium (mg) 400 mg >400 mg Magnesium (mg) 140 mg >140 mg Zinc (mg)** 2.6 mg >2.6 mg ** Sodium (mg) < 750 mg <1,200 mg (over, 1,000 place an icon on the menu Fiber (gm) > 7 gm > 7 gm Potassium (gm) ** 1565 mg 1565 gm** Vitamin D 200 IU 200 IU Vitamin E** 5 IU Education** * Target Value: This value represents one-third of the DRI for a 1600-calorie range. The 1600- calorie range was chosen based on the requirements for a 70-year old sedentary female. ** If these elements are not provided to the level noted as a weekly average, the program must educate the participants on how to obtain these elements. This can be recognized from the weekly meal nutrition analysis. Note: Fortified foods should be used to meet vitamin B12 needs. TABLE 2 - COMPONENT MENU PLANNING State of California Component Meal Pattern Required Elements Food Group Required servings per meal Serving sizes for 1600 calorie level Lean meat or beans 1 serving 2 ounces per meal 2 ounces = 1 servin...
Sodium. Dissolved sodium concentrations measured in the influent drainage maintained an average of 35 mg/L Na+ throughout the experiment. Effluent measurements for Reactor 1 (LS) exhibited a subtle decline in sodium concentrations during active treatment as the calculated average was 32 mg/L Na+ for this test cell. Again the bioreactors (R2-R6) displayed an evolution from high to medium and low sodium concentrations as time progressed. Initially within the bioreactors (R2-R6), average measurements ranged from 41-137 mg/L Na+ until October 2012 (Figure 35). Then during the next four months (November 2012-February 2013) average values decreased within the bioreactor effluents with concentrations ranging from 32-55 mg/L Na+. All bioreactor sodium values then dropped near the AMD influent concentrations and averaged 32 mg/L Na+ in the final six months (Figure 38). 700 Dissolved Sodium (mg/L Na+) 600 500 400 300 200 100 Influent Reactor 1 (LS) Reactor 2 (10:90) Reactor 3 (30:70) Reactor 4 (50:50) Reactor 5 (70:30) Reactor 6 (90:10) 0 Sampling Date Figure 35: Measured sodium values (mg/L Na+) in the AMD influent and effluent samples of each reactor (R1-R6) during the course of the experiment.
Sodium. We searched for absorption by sodium around the Fraunhofer D resonance lines. The exact position of the line center was determined through Lorentzian fitting for the Na D lines, and Gaussian fitting for other comparison lines. For the Na D2 line the exact position was also determined after the change in strength of a telluric water line, which lies on the wing of the stellar line, was removed. Figure 6.2 shows the spectral region around the Na D doublet, with the three central passbands used in our and in the analysis by Xxxxxxx et al. (2008) are indicated by gray shaded areas. The passbands, used for comparison, are always located directly next to these. Before Equation 6.1 can be used to derive the absorption of the planetary atmosphere, other effects which change with time and which influence the ratio between the central and sidebands, both instrumental and induced by the earth atmosphere, have to be excluded. Instrumental effects Two important instrumental effects influence our spectra. The blaze function of the spectro- graph slowly changes over night and introduces a change of flux between the different bands over the time scale of a planetary transit. The use of Equation 6.1 only prevents zero or first order effects to influence the transmission spectroscopy. Any higher order effect, e.g. a change in spectral curvature of the blaze function will not be corrected for. A good way to treat the change of the blaze function in transmission spectroscopy is explained in Xxxx et al. (2004), has been applied by Xxxxxxx et al. (2008), and is also followed in this chapter: Fortunately, the blaze functions change only very slowly as a function of the spectral order. Therefore, one can use the change in blaze function between frames in the two adjacent orders to correct for the change in the blaze function in the order of interest, without introducing possible systematic effects due to the planetary absorption. ~
