Common misconceptions. Open science and open access Myth: Open access and open science are the same. Fact: Open access can be described as a sub-category or practice of open science. Open access focuses on the free and unhindered access to information like scientific publications or research data. For a detailed discussion of open science and open access, see section Appendix. Open access was one of the first practice that came up in the context of the journals crisis in the late 90ies where many public libraries could no longer pay the rising charges for journals subscription. In 2002 the Budapester declaration and in 2003 the Berliner declaration was signed by major science organisations and universities. Furthermore, open access was the first practice of open science the European Commission included in their program. Yet, it is very important not reducing open science just to open access. Open access and copyright Myth: Open access means that I will have no intellectual property right on my publications. Fact: Open access means that you publish your publication so that it is available easily and free of charge on the internet. All your copyrights will remain fully intact. In Horizon 2020, open access is defined as the online access to scientific publications, at no charge to the end-user. Open access only aims at making your work as widely accessible to the public as possible. Open access does mean that you put your publications in the public domain, nor to allow the public to change or redistribute your work without your consent. Open science and intellectual property Myth: Open science contradicts the protection of intellectual property. Fact: Open science and intellectual property are fully compatible. The fact that you are conducting open science instead of just normal science has no effect on your intellectual property. For a detailed explanation see also chapter 4.2 Open science and intellectual property rights. Open science and European projects Myth: Projects funded by the European Union must necessarily open up all their research. Fact: The European Commission's Horizon Europe scientific framework programme will probably give funded projects the freedom to open up their research. However, the opening of research will probably be the default in the near future. Projects that do not wish to open up their research (opt- out) must justify this. Furthermore, it is allowed to make non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements. Open science and quality Myth: Open science lea...
Common misconceptions. Many people fail to complete or misunderstand the set-up process of a Trust. In other words, once an attorney sets up the Trust, assets are not automatically retitled so that the Trust becomes the asset owner. Some tips on properly funding your Trust are: • Assets such as real estate, bank and savings accounts, investments, business interests, and notes payable to the Grantor should be immediately transferred to the Trust. • Assets which have a tax deferred element to them like 401(k)s, IRAs, etc., should remain titled in the name of the Grantor; the beneficiary designation may name the Trust as either the primary or contingent beneficiary. • If the estate is small enough that estate taxes are not a concern, the Trust can be both owner and beneficiary of life insurance policies to give the Trustee maximum control over the policies and proceeds. • Property such as artwork, jewelry, cameras, and other household goods typically do not have a formal title. The attorney should prepare an assignment to transfer these items to the Trust. • If a Grantor forgets to retitle some assets, they may be transferred to the Trust at death through a “pour over will.” (These assets will likely still have to go through probate.) • The Trust will not act as an asset protection vehicle and avoid the claims of creditors, including Medicaid issues. A Trust requires monitoring to ensure that assets remain in the Trust and that any newly purchased assets are titled in the Trust. For instance, a Grantor who transfers funds to a second financial institution must remember to advise the new institution to title the new account in the name of the Trust. Thus, it is important to carry out the proper funding of your Trust in order to help avoid probate. The important provisions to review every few years are who are your successor Trustees, when do your beneficiaries receive assets after your death, and are your assets titled properly to take advantage of the probate avoidance and estate tax planning. Failing to review your documents will only create problems for your heirs in the future. Having a Trust prepared is part of a comprehensive estate plan. A Trust along with the pour over Will provides the necessary documents for estate administration at your death. Each person should also have a General Durable Power of Attorney and a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care to allow their appointed agents to handle their business and medical affairs upon their incapacity. In the event you wo...
Common misconceptions. Belief that if a manufacturer is "FAA-certified" that Buy America has been satisfied. This is not true. The FAA certification certifies that technical standards have been met. However, FAA-certified equipment manufactured outside the U.S. does not meet Buy America provisions of the AIP unless a waiver has been issued. Misconception that the North America Free Trade Act (NAFTA) exempts equipment manufactured in Mexico or Canada from “Buy America” requirements. This is not true for AIP or ARRA projects.
