Historical Overview. 2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS WTO panels are not obliged to apply the rules of treaty interpretation laid down in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties199, although some panels have actually referred to them in some circumstances. But the pro- visions of the Vienna Convention are not mandatory.
Historical Overview. 23 Transitioning to a Learning Leader............................................................... 24
Historical Overview. Among several challenges faced by any new nation, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx introduces the question of loyalty to, and identification with, the state and ruling system.200 A carefully crafted ZANU PF art of dominance has seen the nationalist party controlling Zimbabwe’s political landscape uninterrupted over the past three decades. The Herald’s pro-state stance can be traced back to the heyday of its predecessor, The Rhodesian Herald, which was then a powerful propaganda platform for the Rhodesian Front in 1963, according to Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx.201 The flagrant control of the press is a entrenched characteristic of the legacy of colonialism in post-colonial Africa.202 Determined to discontinue foreign ownership of the press, President Xxxxxx’x government created the state-controlled Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT), a watchdog that eventually took overall ownership of The Herald and its sister papers, Xxxxxxxxx argues.203 The Trust was established amid assurances of a free media, with the then Information Minister Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx commenting: “Government remains committed to the freedom of press as stated in the Election manifesto. We will neither publish nor edit any of the newspapers.”204 Those pledges would become history a few years later, prompted by what appears to be the government’s determination to keep a grip on power. Xxxxxxxxx concedes that the formation of ZMMT in 1981, just a year after gaining independence from Britain, kick-started a string of problems for the ambitious young 199 Xxxxx Xxxx ‘Xxxxxx Close To Death” Syndey Morning Herald, 10 April 2012 xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx.xx/world/xxxxxx-close-to-death-reports-20120410-1wls5.html Accessed 12 April 2012 200 Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth and reality’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) 23-45. 201 Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx ‘The Mass Media in the Struggle for Zimbabwe: Censorship and Propaganda under Rhodesian Front Rule’, Mambo Occasional Papers, Socio-Economic Series 15 (Gweru: Mambo Press, 1981). 202 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Press and Politics in Zimbabwe in M’Bayo, R. T., et al., (eds.) Press and Politics in Africa (New York: Xxxxx Xxxxxx Press, 2000).
Historical Overview. Chelan PUD has been spilling water for downstream fish passage at the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project since 1976. Spill is a tool used for improving survival of anadromous salmonids during their downstream migration and is part of the “tool box” being implemented to meet HCP survival standards. Spill can also occur when high stream flows exceed the hydraulic capacity of the powerhouse or, occasionally, when energy demand is low and river flows are high. In the Columbia River basin, a regional effort has been undertaken to monitor and control TDG and its biological effects. Chelan PUD has participated in that regional effort since 1982. Monitoring of TDG was only at a forebay station from 1982-1995. Chelan PUD upgraded monitoring of TDG levels in the forebay and attempted to add a site below the tailrace of the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project in 1996 in order to voluntarily comply with the terms of the special condition for fish passage. The tailrace monitoring site, a barge anchored mid-river, could not be kept anchored under high flows. In 1997, the downstream fixed monitoring site (DFMS) was established approximately four miles downriver at the Xxxxxxxxxx Bridge on Highway US
Historical Overview. Emerging from the classical realistic tradition, the Symbolist movement (1870-1920s) surged through the artistic community with its novel understanding of the very purpose of art. Its initial origin was a “spontaneous revolt against all social and moral values” (Mohrenschildt, 1193). Imperial Russia bore an incredibly disparate proportion of wealthy aristocrats and starving individuals. The contradictions of daily life weighed heavily on the minds of artists, who sought to escape these contradictions by fashioning the notion of an alternate world in pursuit of “higher ideas and eternal truths” (“Symbolism in Russian Literature of the Silver Age” 2015). The purpose of art, in the Symbolists’ view, was to explore “the true essence of being” by tapping into the “higher reality” expressed poignantly in the Symbolist platform which in its later stages heralded mystical contents. This deep fascination with mysticism could be interpreted as a divorce from the “political and social actualities” that characterized the realistic literature of the time (Mohrenschildt, 1199; “Symbolism in Russian Literature of the Silver Age” 2015). How this mysticism affected the content of Symbolist literature is best exemplified through literature of “Decadent” writers during Russia’s fin-de-siècle, particularly in the wildly controversial rhetoric of Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx. Very few fin-de-siècle authors produced works as provocative or as paradoxical as Rozanov. Rozanov’s means of capturing the “true essence of being” is marked by a prodigious amount of discourse on sexuality and its implications for the body. Sexuality, he surmises, is a crucial element for a functioning society. This investigation understands sexuality to be a biological expression of the somatic body and Rozanov contextualizes sexuality in relation to the ecclesiastical body of the Orthodox Church. He contends that sexuality that is “repressed by state and religion” is deleterious for the body politics as a whole, creating “a society that cannot function as a politically healthy organism” (Xxxxxx, 1). The Russian Decadent’s brand of body politics designates “bodies as sites on to which a given culture inscribes meaning” and healthy, ideal bodies are those that are “liberated from the sexual repression and inhibitions imposed by the European Christian culture” (Xxxxxx, 9). In other words, the perfect body is one that expresses sexuality freely and without regulation. Rozanov valued sexuality greatly and ascribed positi...
Historical Overview. Hill AFB began as a 3,000 acre supply and maintenance depot officially opened in November 1940 and officially named Hill Field in honor of Major Ployer X. Xxxx.1,2 With the onset of World War II, the depot was elevated to command status and employment at the depot grew to nearly 22,000, some 15,780 civilians and 6,000 military personnel. In 1948 Hill Field became Hill Air Force Base.3 The Base experienced consolidation following WWII, until the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in 1950. During the Korean Conflict, employment at the base reached almost 16,000 people in 1952. Following the Korean Conflict, the depot’s maintenance production lines continued work on jet aircraft such as the F-84, F-89, F-101, and F-102, and employment at the depot stabilized at around 12,000 people.4 In 1955, the Ogden Arsenal was combined with Hill Field, doubling the size of the base to about 6,700 acres. Starting in1959, the depot became the logistics manager for the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile as well as management and maintenance of the F-101 “Voodoo” and F-4 “Phantom” fighter aircraft. As Utah became a major player in the missile industry, Xxxx took on a new profile gaining the, maintenance responsibilities for the F-16 “Fighting Falcon In the mid-1970s.”5
Historical Overview. Historically, most changes in international regulations for ship design and operation have been introduced as a result of major disasters with a large loss of life. The first notable of such disasters was the sinking of the TITANIC, which led a year later to the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea in London. The first damage stability requirements were introduced, however, following the 1948 SOLAS Convention and the first specific criterion on residual stability standards at the 1960 SOLAS Convention with the requirement for a minimum residual GM (0.05m). This represented an attempt to introduce a margin to compensate for the upsetting environmental forces. "Additionally, in cases where the Administration considered the range of stability in the damaged condition to be doubtful, it could request further investigation to their satisfaction". Although this was a very vague statement, it was the first attempt to legislate on the range of stability in the damaged condition. It is interesting to mention that a new regulation on "Watertight Integrity above the Margin Line" was also introduced reflecting the general desire to do all that was reasonably practical to ensure survival after severe collision damage by taking all necessary measures to limit the entry and spread of water above the bulkhead deck. The first probabilistic damage stability rules for passenger vessels, deriving from the work of Xxxx Xxxxxx on “Subdivision of Ships”, [7] were introduced in the late sixties as an alternative to the deterministic requirements of SOLAS ‘60. Subsequently and at about the same time as the 1974 SOLAS Convention was introduced, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), published Resolution A.265 (VIII). These regulations used a probabilistic approach to assessing damage location and extent drawing upon statistical data to derive estimates for the likelihood of particular damage cases. The method consists of the calculation of an Attained Index of Subdivision, A, for the ship which must be greater than or equal to a Required Subdivision Index, R, which is a function of ship length, passenger/crew numbers and lifeboat capacity. The Equivalent Regulations raised new damage stability criteria addressing equilibrium as well as recommending a minimum GZ of 0.05m to ensure sufficient residual stability during intermediate stages of flooding. Calculate A/Amax (simplified) SSTTAAARRRTTT Calculate A (full) Initial Design Loading Scenarios RO-RO S...
Historical Overview. In The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society, Xxxx and Xxxx Xxxxx provide a fascinating social and historical account of tuberculosis, noting the disease has been endemic to London for centuries (Xxxxx and Xxxxx 1953:6-8). By the 11th century, TB was a sufficiently serious problem that Xxxxxx the Confessor, following in the footsteps of French Kings, claimed the power of “the touch” for English monarchs to cure tuberculosis. This “cure” was subsequently used for centuries, with “the largest number of persons applying to be touched... in 1684, when many of them were trampled to death in attempting to reach the hand of the king “(Xxxxx and Xxxxx 1953:8). After a brief lull in its virulence starting in the early 18th century, TB roared back with a vengeance a few decades later (Xxxxx and Xxxxx 1953:8). At the end of the 18th, and the first-half of the 19th centuries, aided by the appalling living and working conditions of the Industrial Revolution, “the White Plague” threatened “the very survival of the European race” (Xxxxx and Xxxxx 1953:10). Indeed, by the early 19th century virtually every citizen in London was infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, as “the prevalence of TB infection neared 100 percent” (Xxxxx 2003:15), with nearly half of London’s population having active TB disease (Xxxxx and Xxxxx 1953:9). Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx in 1845 described it thus: The flushed appearance of many of the passers-by in the streets of London indicates to what an extent the polluted atmosphere of the capital, particularly in the workers’ quarters, fosters the prevalence of consumption (quoted in Xxxxx and Xxxxx 2003:7) Gradually, over the decades which followed, improved nutrition and housing conditions helped dramatically reduce TB rates and associated deaths in the UK. TB rates began to decline in 1913 and continued to do so until 1987 when, much to everyone’s surprise, the decline ended (XxXxxx & Xxxxxxx 1995). Until the mid-1980s, public health officials around the world spoke of being on the brink of “eradicating” TB. However, today terms such as “containment” and “control” convey a new understanding and approach in the global battle against tuberculosis. In 2000, Dr. Xxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, then Director-General of the WHO, observed:
Historical Overview. In consultation with the City of Santa Xxxx Planning and Community Development Department, a qualified historian or architectural historian shall assemble historical background information relevant to La Bahia Apartments and its setting. Much of this information may be drawn from the Historical Resources Technical Report prepared by Architectural Resources Group (2013) for the La Bahia Hotel project. To ensure its public accessibility, the agreed-upon documentation would be filed with the Santa Xxxx Public Library for inclusion in their local history collection, as well as with other local libraries and historical societies, as appropriate.
Historical Overview. In this section, an historical overview of the most influential and precursor models underlying the executive functioning is presented. The study of the executive functions starts with the observation of patients showing disturbances to plan their daily activities, independently of any long-term memory, language or IQ difficulties. Based on neuropsychological testing, cognitive models were then developed (Xxxxx, 1966) and enriched through the years (Xxxxxxxx, 1986; Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1986). The most influential and up to date model describing the executive functions remains the model of Working Memory proposed by Xxxxxxxx in 1986 (see Xxxxxxxx, 2012).
