Main conclusions. The large decrease in parrotfish biomass between 2015 and 2018 was caused by reductions in both their density and sizes. Although team-specific differences regarding transect depths and fish size discriminations may be contributing factors, fishing pressures have probably increased since 2015, especially along the fringing reef. Herbivores were prominent in a xxxx net observed at the most easterly survey site (PA3B-28) in 2018. Coral recruit density was somewhat reduced in 2018 (4 vs. 10/m2 in 2015). A decrease since 2015 of about half of the PA3B’s live coral cover, especially on the eastern sites, is troubling; some mortality may have followed the bleaching event seen in fall 2015. Newly dead coral tissues seen in the 2018 photos of massive corals in the eastern, fringing reefs may portend an outbreak of stony coral tissue loss disease, which elsewhere is proving very lethal to important species of reef constructors. Sargassum and other tall (~4 cm in 2018), fleshy macroalgae are conspicuous at most fore-reef sites, and attest to the scarcity of key herbivores (Diadema, parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) on the PA3B. Sediment and nutrients in runoff and groundwater may be stimulating the growth of these smothering algae and some cyanobacteria. The health of corals and other reef organisms may also be compromised by any synthetic chemicals (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals) or pathogens (e.g., enteric bacteria, viruses) as may be present in the ambient seawater. Local successes at improving habitat and water quality, and in enforcing the new fishing regulations, would enhance the ability of the PA3B reef communities to resist and/or recover from the expected detrimental effects of ongoing climate change. Herbivores caught in a xxxx net on the fringing reef. Diseased corals. Left: Orbicella annularis, ~7 m, PA3B-18; Benthos surveyor on the fringing fore reef, ~5 m, PA3B-11, F-2018
Main conclusions. The objective of this research was to compare two different interface agreements, the Min- max interface agreement and the Lead-time interface agreement. For both interface agree- ments, models were developed and simulated in order to answer the research questions. The generate results input data of the repair group Electric at the repair shop of NedTrain is used. The main conclusions of the research are itemized below. Research question 1: The performance of the Min-max interface agreement can be improved by changing the parameters of the turn-around stock and the minimum levels. The performance can be improved for all KPIs; EBO, fill rate, minrate and investment costs. There is a parameter setting obtained, which results in an investment costs decrease from €9,119,108.38 to €3,436,193.45, an increase in fill rate from 0.84 to 0.92, an increase in minrate (percentage of the time the repair shop is able to adhere to the interface agreement) from 0.82 to 0.90 and a decrease in EBO from 13 to 2.5. Depending on the preferences, other parameters settings can be obtained using the optimization model developed. The optimization model works well in case of the Min-max interface agreement.
Main conclusions. The European steel industry together with other energy- and carbon-intensive industries is presently engaged in a fierce debate with the European institutions about ‘carbon leakage’. In this debate about the proposed EU climate measures and the competitiveness of European industry several issues are discussed, with most attention paid to the extent to which industries qualify and to what extent for the free allocation of emission rights after 2012. In December 2008, European Council and Parliament reached an agreement on this issue, stating that in sectors exposed to carbon leakage 100% of allowances will be allocated free of charge “at the level of the benchmark of the best available technology”. It was also decided that the list of exposed sectors shall be determined after taking into account the extent to which third countries also engage in climate measures “to an extent comparable to that of the EU” and “the extent to which carbon efficiency of installations located in these countries is comparable to that of the EU”. On 31 December 2009 the latest it will be decided what sectors are supposed to be exposed to carbon leakage and on 30 June 2010 the latest the Commission will hand it a report reviewing the proposed measures in the light of the outcomes of the December 2009 Kopenhagen negotiations.
Main conclusions findings and limitations
1. Develop a limited number of designed languages for education. 218 Language, Education and Identity in Africa
2. Designed languages should be chosen in such a way that they are easy to learn for as many speakers of discerned languages as possible.
3. Strive for inclusivity: choose designed languages in such a way that all have to exert a relatively low but relatively equal effort to learn them.
4. Make use of existing bilingualism as a resource. The case study on Ethiopia led me to propose a fifth principle:
5. Build incentives for linguistic collaboration, especially for related linguistic communities. I tried to show how the theoretical insights thus gained could be applied, presenting five brief country case studies, of Botswana, Congo Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana and Tanzania. They reinforced the point that cultural and linguistic differences cannot be mapped onto one another. However, they also made clear that indeed, in all cases it is possible to propose rational language policies, using a limited number of designed African languages. Such rational policies would represent a tremendous improvement compared to the current situation. For Botswana, I argued in favour of special arrangements for speakers of the Khoisan languages in the country, in addition to the use of Tswana. For Congo and Tanzania, most people would be well-served by one of the Bantu languages spoken in those countries. For Ghana, the situation is more complicated and as many as six languages might be needed (still below the number of nine languages currently supported by the Government, but only up to primary school level). For Ethiopia, by far the most complicated country language-wise in my list of cases studies, in theory only five languages would be sufficient,2 although in practice this seems unrealistic. The study provides an additional way of looking at decolonization of African education: changing the University curriculum will not be enough. In addition, it will be necessary to re-think the ‘educational pyramid’ from the bottom up and to think about rational choices for increased use of African languages. A developed society requires a productive population and a productive population means an educated population. In many African countries, primary education is now almost universal. However, there is a scope and need for considerable expansion of (appropriate) education at secondary and tertiary levels: Africa will need to educate all its brains. In ...
Main conclusions. 1. Resource efficiency innovations can be incremental, radical or systemic. They can be technological and social or a combination thereof. They can disrupt or sustain value chains and user practices.
2. Innovations in resource efficiency can be measured on the basis of price and performance indicators and described in terms of the perceptions and meanings of actors. For understanding resource efficiency choices it is important to consider the objective and subjective nature of an innovation and waste reduction opportunity. If companies start to see waste as a waste of resources they can be expected to act differently than when they see it just as waste.
3. Resource efficiency is an attribute of technological systems or products, but what matters is whether it is a significant attribute in the eyes of consumers and firms. At the moment, for few consumers and firms resource efficiency is an attribute of great importance; other characteristics (functional ones and status and identity aspects not having to do with greenness or resource efficiency) are usually more important. As an illustration of this point, the overwhelming majority of consumers are not asking questions such as: • How much materials have been moved to create the product? • What materials are being used in my smart phone? • How much kilometers did product components travel before reaching me (product miles)? • What is the resource efficiency of my product? • Will the materials of this product be recycled? • What can I do to make sure that materials are not wasted? future standards; possibilities for monitoring compliance and discovering non-‐compliance; enforcement (inspection and penalties for non-‐compliance) and combination with other instruments of policy.
Main conclusions. Based on the working sessions described and the data analysis produced several conclusions can be drawn from the evidence, particularly the program’s previous work is considered. With regards to specific profiles Data Analytics was the profile consistently identified as the most demanded and, as it derives from the analysis, such demand can be partly explained by the need for a greater user-centric capacity builder. Likewise, when pondering the new suggested profiles, and looking into the group’s insights for justifying such new profiles, it is plausible to identify future demanded positions as those with a more holistic perspective of the IoT ecosystem, introducing profiles such as that of the IoT Architect. On the other hand, XxX Cloud expert was the profile for which consensus was unanimous when locating it in a low demanded position in the future. The IoT Cloud Expert’s loss of relevance is also indicative of the validation of the Expert Group’s opinion that the transition from cloud to the edge continuum will define the incoming years. This perspective is consistent with the IoT framework in its perspective of interpreting the IoT transition in such a direction. There is agreement among the Expert Group that IoT-related skills are currently in high demand. When taking into consideration the profiles on which the experts coincided, all profiles were classified as in high demand. This confirms the general framework in which the IoT project is based that acknowledges a gap between the IoT skills demand and the market's current capacity to supply such demand, reinforcing the need for programmes and whole system approaches to narrow that gap. Moreover, closely related to the existing gap, the data also seems to indicate the agreement among consulted Experts that the gap is expected to increase in the next five years (by a high demand increase) before being closed significantly by 2032. Both when the overall composition of high, medium and low demand profiles is analysed and taking the top and bottom profiles, a progressive increase of medium and low demanded profiles towards 2032 is observed. Regarding the current profile mapping as well as the skills mapping, there was an even distribution of skills mapping within all relevant profiles. This can be indicative of the growing need for a complementary and integral perspective on IoT profile formations. Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Programming Skills, among others, were all identified as equ...
Main conclusions. Main conclusions from this chapter outlining the steel sector are: • Nine countries and regions dominate the world steel markets. These are China, Russia, Ukraine, the EU-27, the United States, Japan, Brazil and South Korea. China is by far the largest steel producer, with 36% of world production in 2007 and a five fold increase of production in recent years. The EU-27 covers nearly 16% of world steel production and is as a region world’s second largest producer. • Steel is traded globally, although most steel trade takes place within geographical regions. This also holds for the European Union. However, 22% of EU imports and 24% of EU exports were extra-regional in 2006, thus signalling a significant influence of external trade on the position of the EU steel sector37. 32 Speech by Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx - CEO of Corus Group and Chairman of the World Steel Association Climate Change Policy Group - at the 2008 annual conference of the World Steel Association in Washington DC., 5-7 October 2008, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxx/index.php?action=storypages&id=306 33 Eurofer Annual Report 2007, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/index.php/eng/News-Publications/Annual-Report/2007-Annual- Report 34 Corus Group website, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxx/en/responsibility/climate_change/strategy/ 35 Corus Netherlands website, xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xx/Issues/CO2%20Emissiehandel 36 Corus Corporate Responsibility Report 2007/08, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxx/file_source/StaticFiles/Functions/HSE/CorusCRR0708.pdf 37 World Steel Association, World steel in figures 2008, second edition, 2008, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xxx/?action=programs&id=64
Main conclusions. their children in school and stop them from having to work, most parents/guardians consulted during the evaluation fieldwork appeared to be convinced of the importance of making an effort.
Main conclusions. D4.3 is a revised version of the document in response to the Xxxxxx0X.xxx 2nd Interim Review (July 2019). Specifically, it sets out to make the section on the outputs and collaborations more concise with dedicated sections only on the new Mapping Tool (available in mid-June) and Performance KPI tracker. It also includes detailed sections on the KPIs and qualitative metrics, as well as examples of the impacts from the SMART campaigns. These campaigns are now a regular feature of the strategy for broadcasting outputs and key findings. D4.3 also includes the plans for the final six months of the project. Impacts from the action plan will be reported in D4.5 (December 2019) along with a sustainability plan for the online tools and collaborations.
Main conclusions. The main conclusions from this chapter about the multilateral climate change negotiation process are: • The United Nations has set up a negotiation process that has led climate change discussions to many parts of the world. Starting with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol has set for the first time binding emission reduction obligations for industrialised countries and economies in transition. 49 Xxxxx, Xxxxx xxx, From Kyoto to Copenhagen – Towards an International Climate Change Regime beyond 2012 pp. 199- Xxxxxxxx, X. (ed.) (2008) The Climate Change Challenge – International, European and Belgian Aspects. Studia Diplomatica Vol LXI, 2008, nr 1 50Summary of the Hokkaido Toyako summit, July, 9, 2008, xxxx://xxx.x0xxxxxx.xx.xx/eng/news/summary.html 51 ibid. 52 US Department of State, Major Economies Process on Energy Security and Climate Change, xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/g/oes/climate/mem/ 53 Xxxxx, Xxxxx xxx, From Kyoto to Copenhagen – Towards an International Climate Change Regime beyond 2012 pp. 199- Xxxxxxxx, X. (ed.) (2008) The Climate Change Challenge – International, European and Belgian Aspects. Studia Diplomatica Vol LXI, 2008, nr 1 54 Asia Pacific Partnership website, xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/ • Although many industrialised countries are presently struggling to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, it has become clear that global emission reductions for the future would require even further action from these countries, as well as from developing countries. • In December 2009 parties will meet in a Copenhagen Climate Change Conference to agree about such emission reductions for the future after the end of the Kyoto commitment period in 2012. As a result of the United States opt-out to the Kyoto Protocol, the discussions so far have taken place under three tracks: A “Convention Track” including the United States, a “Protocol Track” including only parties to the Kyoto Protocol, and a third track outside the United Nations context in which the United States again play an important role. In the run-up to the Copenhagen conference, a series of meetings under the first two tracks will be organised. • The three discussion tracks address a large array of topics, including long-term commitments, intermediary targets, carbon markets and ‘flexible mechanisms’, forestry and land-use change, technology transfer, mitigation, adaptation, finance. Many technical issues sti...
