Political system. China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The socialist system is the fundamental system of China. All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people. The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision. All administrative, supervisory, judicial and procuratorial organs of the State are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are overseen. Taxation system Since 1994, as a result of a series of tax regulations aimed at allocating tax between different levels of government, China has established two separate tax administration systems split between the central and local governments. Pursuant to the State Council Institutional Reform Proposal（《国务院机构改革方案的决定》）on 17 March 2018, China reformed the aforesaid central and local taxation administration system. The central and local taxation authorities at and below the provincial level shall be merged to specifically undertake the duties of tax and non-tax revenues administration, among others, within their respective jurisdictions. Upon the merger, an administrative system of dual leadership by the State Administration of Taxation at the centre and the provincial people's governments shall be implemented. Currently the merger of central and local taxation authorities has been completed. Currently, China has 18 categories of tax, including value added tax, consumption tax, enterprise income tax, individual income tax, resource tax, urban land use tax, real estate tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, farmland occupation tax, land value added tax, automobile sales tax, vehicle and vessel tax, stamp duty tax, deed tax, tobacco tax, custom tax, tonnage tax and environmental protection tax. China has rolled out a nationwide pilot program to replace business tax with value-added tax from 1 May 2016, which was approved by the State Council. All the business tax taxpayers including construction, real estate, financial services and lifestyle services which were business sectors that used to fall under the business tax regime shall pay value-added tax instead of business tax....
Political system. Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Xxxxxxxxx XX, Queen of England, is the Head of State. A Governor General proposed by the Canadian Prime Minister and appointed by the Crown represents her in Canada. The Parliament consists of the House of Commons (308 members) and the Senate (105 members). The political party with the largest representation in the House of Commons forms a majority or minority government. The Prime Minister and the Members of the Cabinet are also Members of the House of Commons. Each of the ten provinces has a legislative 2 Statistics Canada: xxx00.xxxxxxx.xx/x00/xxx00/xxxx00x.xxx 3 Human Development Report 2007/2008: xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxx/en 4 Ministry of Indian and Northern Affairs: xxx.xxxx-xxxx.xx.xx/xx/xxxx/xxx_x.xxxx 5 Mount Xxxxxxx University: xxx.xxx.xx/xxxxxxx/xxxx/xxxxxxxx_xxxxxxx/xxxxxxx/xxxxx/xxxxx/#xxxxxx assembly with one chamber. Quebec is the largest and sole “French-speaking only” province in Canada. In 2006, the Conservative Party, led by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, returned to power after 12 years in the opposition. The new minority government has brought forward through Parliament important legislation such as the reduction of the federal value-added-tax from 7% to 5%, the introduction of new ethics and accountability standards for government, and the Tackling Violent Crime Act. On foreign policy, Xxxxxx has set a conservative course, closer to the United States, and with the support of the Parliament extended Canada’s military mission in Afghanistan until 2011. Furthermore, he has been strengthening the Canadian Forces with new equipment, cutting the Foreign Ministry's budget, and increasing Canada’s presence in the Arctic. On the international economic scene, the government has given priority to open up important foreign markets and diversify export possibilities i.a. with free trade and cooperation agreements. This new policy orientation provided a strong stimulus to the EFTA-Canada FTA, which was signed in early 2008, after the negotiations had been suspended for several years.6 Parliament Hill, Ottawa In September 2008, Prime Minister Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx asked Governor General Xxxxxxxxx Xxxx to dissolve the Parliament and to call elections. On October 14, 2008 the Conservative Party strengthened its position in Parliament with 143 seats (+ 19), 13 short of the absolute majority. On November 19, 2008, the Governor General presented to the Parliament the speech to the throne; she highlighted the new minority government’s key priorit...
Political system. 2.2.1 Tokelau has been a Trust Territory of New Zealand since 1925. In 2006 and 2007, National Referendums on a Treaty of Self-Government in Free Association with New Zealand were narrowly defeated maintaining Tokelau as a Trust Territory. As such, the Tokelau Islands will continue to be administered by an Administrator based in Wellington, New Zealand. In Tokelau, there is a General Fono, which comprises elected representatives from each of the 3 villages. The General Fono is headed by the Chairperson, designated by the Taupulega hosting the General Fono for each year and appointed by the General Fono. A small ‘Cabinet’ called the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau comprising of the 3 Faipule (elected head of each Village) and the 3 Pulenuku (elected mayor of each village) is headed by the Ulu, however this position is rotated between each of the 3 Faipule every year until the end of the 3rd year. This home-grown political system has been operating very well for about 8 years now2.
Political system. The Chinese Communist Party has been the governing political party in China since 1949. The National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and its Central Committee which it elects are the highest governing bodies of the Chinese Communist Party. The General Secretary of the Central Committee is Xx Xxxxxxx. The members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau include Xx Xxxxxxx, Xx Xxxxxxx, Xx Xxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxx and Xxx Xxxxx. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party is the fundamental framework of China's political system. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is an important institution of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist party, is a significant channel to promote socialist democracy in China’s political system, and is a crucial component of China’s national governance.
