Analysis of the results. The detailed analysis of the results and feedback from the participants suggest the following areas for consideration while improving the service further: There were cases when the participants preferred specific concepts instead of generic concepts. For example, the ontologies offer concepts such as ROI, Wrist, Time, Series and Inflammation, Sub-Patella however participants preferred to have specific terms (e.g. by combining concepts/terms) such as ROI Xxxxx, instead of ROI, Time Series instead of Time and Series, Anti-inflammatory medicine, Inflammation in Sub-patella. In some cases picking the quantifiers was considered important. For example, Little Noise, Small Movement, Very Noisy, Large area of inflammation, Too Much motion, Lot of noise, Erroneous enhancement were suggested when the service respectively detected Noise, Movement, Noisy, Inflammation, Motion, Noise and Enhancement. The precision and recall was affected in the cases where the negation of actual concept was mentioned in the text. For example “Severe” was considered incorrect when the actual surface form was “Not severe”. The service relies on the external datasets, such as RadLex, to provide necessary concepts to for information extraction process. As shown in the Figure 7, the precision is affected by certain terms coming from these datasets, for example RadLex is the source for 67% of incorrect terms. One of the reasons for this is that the terms are too generic may not be considered relevant to the domain in question. Examples of such terms are: “Purpose”, “Horizontal”, “Measurement”, “Patient”, “marked”. In addition, the datasets also contain abstract/vague terms such as “both”, “rest”, “work”, “acquired”, “function”, “severe”, “small”, “large”, “probably”, “marked”. The concepts that were classified under the lower level of acceptance and were originated from DON are listed in the Appendix B. This indirectly evaluates DON and these incorrect concepts shall be marked for further inspection during the development of the next version of DON.
Analysis of the results. A total of 256 samples were reviewed from the OJEU notice database. Some counties/regions did not contain enough projects, particularly those in sparse regions of Scotland or Wales. The following results have been explored in this paper • frequency tables of common terms used in notices; • association between social value targeted and whether the project was pre- or post- implementation of the Act.
Analysis of the results. The findings established so far with regard to the volume of production of natural fertilisers in various systems, and for various animal species, have revealed that this volume is decreasing in comparison to recent decades. A similar conclusion can be drawn in respect of N and P concentrations in natural fertilisers. When this area is compared with the official standards being currently in force in other EU Member States, lower values are clearly visible in Poland. • On the other hand, the technological advancement in agriculture, following our country’s accession to the EU, has resulted in the optimisation of feed and a number of modifications to the keeping systems. • Also of significance is the unification of the animal breeds and hybrids utilised in Poland – most of them are the same as those in other EU countries. These animals, however, are not backed by technological advances so much as to meet the highest EU productivity levels. This contributes to lower feed rations and, ultimately, reduced N and P content in natural fertilisers. • Still to be determined is the level of emissions of nitrogen compounds from animal breeding, which should eventually be added to the amounts of nitrogen obtained in fertilisers as a comprehensive outflow of this biogene. Responsibility for this state of affairs lies largely with the animal keeping systems and we are witnessing a rapid drop in the share of litter-based solutions in this regard. This change has been the consequence of reducing the production costs in commercial farms which increase the concentration of production, or in extensive farms which change their operating profiles to that of commercial farms. • After all, the animal welfare legislation alone as well as the incorporation of EU Directives into national law through legislative acts and regulations have made it necessary to reduce the stock per the building area; this, in turn, has resulted in lower nitrogen concentrations in natural fertilisers. • A turning point for large-scale livestock breeding also came from enhancements to feeding methods. As the genetic sciences and market competition progressed, farmers faced the requirement to follow feeding standards with regard to increasing the productivity and lowering the costs of production, over 70% of which is comprised by feed expenditures. As farmers broadened their knowledge in this area, the protein and energy levels in feed rations could be balanced more accurately, which led to reduced losses ...
