Chinese Culture and M&As Sample Clauses

Chinese Culture and M&As. There are significant cultural differences between Western countries and China (Xxx and Xxxxx, 2007). This is because Chinese culture is definitely Confucian Dynamism because China is the country where Confucianism originated, and is therefore characterised by harmony, loyalty, egalitarianism, reciprocity, care more for a ‘person’ than ‘thing’, and guanxi (i.e. relationships or connections). The characteristics of Chinese people and Chinese organisations are influenced strongly by Confucianism (Xxxxxxx, 1992; Chao, 1990). Xxxxx and Xx (1996) demonstrate the features of Chinese culture based on Hofstede and Xxxx’s (1988) five cultural dimensions. They state: Chinese people show typical Confucian traits such as long-term orientation, thrift, perseverance and a sense of shame; China is a high power distance country where decision-making is highly centralised because Chinese people respect seniority and hierarchy (see also Xxxxxxx, 1988); Chinese culture is characterised by collectivism in which people are collectively-oriented; Chinese culture inclines to masculinity because protecting one’s face and maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships are important for Chinese people, which make them sensitive and emotional; regarding the motive of risk avoidance, it is high in China. The significant cultural differences between Western countries and China are evident in previous studies. For example, Xxxxxxx et al. (2008) carried out a study to compare managerial work values across four countries: the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. They found that U.S. managers showed significant individualism while the Chinese managers show significant collectivism. In addition, U.S. managers showed significantly higher scores on the dimension of openness-to-change than the managers from other three countries, while Chinese managers showed significantly higher scores on the dimension of security than the managers from other three countries. Their results indicate a significant cultural difference between China and Western countries on the perception of the self (i.e. collectivism and individualism) and uncertainty avoidance (i.e. openness-to-change and security). Further, cultural distance causes moral differences between China and Western countries (Xxxx and Xxxxx, 2010). Guanxi is a typical example. Guanxi is an important means of ensuring success in business in China. It “literally means relationship or relation, but its essence is a set of interpersonal connect...
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