Ethiopia. Since the late 1960s agricultural policy in Ethiopia focused on the expansion of food production by increasing the yields through new improved cereal varieties and inorganic fertilisers (Scoones 2002). In 1995 government subsidies and the monopoly over pesticide distribution were removed. But control measures of major pests i.e. locusts; armyworm and quelea birds continue to be managed by the government. In 1996 the Ethiopian government launched a programme of agriculturally led industrialisation, focusing on farmers. Intensification of the agricultural sector aims to transform Ethiopia’s subsistence farmers, growing traditional crops, into commercially-oriented farmers growing higher value crops. This is to be achieved by promoting high input production and the use of new technologies. Pesticide imports during 1992-2000 averaged at 1,452 tonnes. Furthermore, since 1992, 125 tonnes per year of OP and carbamite insecticides were donated predominantly from Japan (Xxxxxxxxxx 2003 a). Ethiopian farmers moved away from traditional livestock, cereal and legume crops systems. The use of pesticides by the farmers has increased considerably since 1990. Pesticides are applied to more lucrative crops e.g. maize, grasspea, vegetables, khat and sometimes teff. Vegetable farmers in Ethiopia reported to use 10 different products. Active ingredients comprised endosulfan, DDT, malathion, diazinon and bromadiolone, all having proven adverse impacts on birds. Pesticides are applied at least three times a season, in contrast to only one application per season a few years earlier. Farmers claimed that the rise in application frequency was necessary, because pest manifestation had increased and regular pesticide treatments had shown to be completely ineffective. Many farmers therefore mix pesticide cocktails in order to reduce application frequencies. One of the most effective, so farmers said, was a mixture of malathion and DDT, both hazardous to birds. Better off farmers buy their pesticides from the government and licensed distribution companies, but poor Ethiopian farmers purchase their pesticides from informal traders (Xxxxxxxxxx 2003 a).
Ethiopia. An EBS pilot study was implemented at the health center level in the Amhara Region of north-western Ethiopia. Due to the existing IBS infrastructure, EBS was easily implemented at minimal cost. Rumor logbooks were printed and distributed to 175 health centers (Toyama, 2015). Focal surveillance persons at each health center were given trainings on how to use the rumor logbooks. Community Health Extension Workers (CHEWs) recorded communicable disease outbreaks, unusual health events, and events with multiple deaths from unknown causes. Data recorded in the logbooks include data of event first started, date event was reported, source of rumor, date the health center notified a higher level, date intervention began, and date health center received response from higher level (Toyama, 2015). Surveillance officers at the district level assisted the health centers with rumor verification. From October 2013 to November 2014, a total of 126 rumors on outbreaks were reported and 64% of those rumors were verified to be true public health events, 13% were ruled out, and 23% did not have records on the results of investigations (Toyama, 2015). Majority of the rumors reported came directly from community members or from health care workers. The EBS pilot study captured eight verified rumors on rabies/dog bites while only one of the cases was captured through routine surveillance (Toyama, 2015). Five cases of anthrax were captured and verified through EBS but only two of these were reported through routine surveillance (Toyama, 2015). The capacity to respond to rumors was seen as a limitation and should be improved in order for EBS to be successful.
Ethiopia. (a) Support for: (i) the design, construction, equipping, furnishing and set-up of a BSL-3 national reference laboratory, including establishment of a proficiency testing system and panel production center, a laboratory equipment maintenance center, a biobank center, and a central warehouse;
Ethiopia. Training of key personnel in critical skills related to laboratory systems (including occupational health and safety, and environmental and social safeguards), disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, emergency responses, data management, and risk communication.
Ethiopia. Support for Project implementation and management including:
Ethiopia. The process of fiscal decentralization was initiated in Ethiopia in 1992. It was kick started mainly because of famine, the ethnically diverse regions and the succession of Eritrea. Providing local governments with additional autonomy was widely seen as a way to unite the ethnically fragmented country together, in addition to delegating them the task of solving their own economic problems. However, until 1999 the regions remained financially dependent on the federal government for about 70 percent of their expenditures. The central government had scarce resources to spend on health, education and other social services during the early 1990s. In 1990, the authorities spent 2.5 percent and 0.8 percent of GDP on education and health respectively. These ratios have gradually increased over the years, and respectively reached 3.3 percent 1.1 percent of GDP in 1999 (Table 9) Table 9: Ethiopia -- Spending on Education and Health, 1990-1999 (as a percent of GDP) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Education 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.3 Health 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.1 Total 3.3 3.4 3.8 4.8 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.4 Three important factors have helped Ethiopia improve its social services. First, it has developed a fairly robust and extensive framework to support decentralization. Second, it has recognized the importance of capacity building at the sub-national level. And finally, the authorities have developed an important significant intergovernmental transfer program. Recent studies highlight that the pressing remaining issues include: the necessity of implementing the sense of ownership at the local level, and helping local government improve their own sources of revenue, which have so far been relying heavily on grants.
Ethiopia. Awareness creation and mass movement programme for eradication of invasive species (water hyacinth) was launched throughout the major lakes of Ethiopia, especially in Xxxx Xxxx (the biggest Lake in Ethiopia).
Ethiopia. Substantial research has been conducted on abortion prevalence before, during, and after the legal change in abortion law in Ethiopia in 2005. The following studies discuss the scope of abortion in the country: Table 8: Ethiopia, Abortion Prevalence (n=17) Publication Title Type of Publication Time period Purpose Methods Key findings related to induced abortion Magnitude of Peer-‐reviewed 1996; To explore Cross-‐sectional Of the 95 Abortion-‐ Related journal article Published 1999 instances of post-‐ abortion care, surveys with 214 birth attendants facilities, hospitals Complications treatment and from 95 health averaged 17 in Ethiopian referral within the facilities in all post-‐abortion Health Ethiopian but two regions cases a month; Facilities: A healthcare system of the country lower-‐level National (hospitals=20 health centers in Assessment73 and health rural areas centers=55) averaged fewer than two cases a month Abortion Brief February-‐ To describe the Cluster sampling Women among Rural communication April 1997; scope of unsafe of married reported an Women in in peer-‐ Published abortion in rural, women of average of 1.8 North reviewed 2000 northern Ethiopia reproductive age pregnancy losses Ethiopia74 journal in a rural district over the course of Northern of a lifetime, Ethiopia with only 8.6% (n=1158) of pregnancies due to induced abortion; however, 29.6% of respondents reported that someone in their family died of an abortion A Survey of Peer-‐reviewed February 25-‐ To assess socio-‐ Cross-‐sectional 35% of women Illegal Abortion journal article May 5, 1996; economic factors of hospital-‐based with unsafe in Jimma Published women presenting survey of abortions were Hospital, South 2000 with unsafe women with students, 88% Western abortion and unsafe abortion were literate, Ethiopia75 problems in a large urban 39% were associated with referral hospital married, and unsafe abortion in Southern 22.5% procured Ethiopia (n=80) the abortion for economic reasons Illegal Peer-‐reviewed August 20, To characterize Cross-‐sectional, 35% of women Abortions in Addis Ababa, journal article 1990-‐ February 20, women receiving post-‐abortion care hospital-‐based survey of reported the abortion as Ethiopia76 1991; and the women induced by a Published circumstances presenting with health assistant, surrounding the post-‐abortion 28.3% were self-‐ abortion complications induced, 23.7% following were induced by induced abortion cleaning in five...
