Study Limitations. The present study has some limitations. The motivational information was phrased as if an adult told the students why the assignment was important or fun to do. The motivational information might therefore have been interpreted differently by the students than we intended, and was maybe not powerful enough to make any difference (i.e., in the case of intrinsic information). Furthermore, a mismatch between student and environment could explain our results. In general, adolescent students are more extrinsically oriented and might have doubted the intrinsic information. Also, we did not find significant differences between the groups on the intrinsic information manipulation check. This implies that the written statements that supplied intrinsic motivational information were not perceived as such and might not have had the impact that was intended. This might explain why the results for students in the intrinsic groups were not statistically different from students in the control groups. So, a challenge for motivation researchers is to design their interventions in such a way that students understand the interventions the way they are intended.
Study Limitations. Low sample size to determine the diagnostic value of D&C in each endometrial pathology. Using larger samples, one can obtain results that are more precise in this regard. The evaluation of all endometrial pathologies, particularly endometrial cancer and disordered proliferative endometrium, was one of the important strengths in the present study. In conclusion, D&C has acceptable sensitivity in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, low sensitivity in the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia, and very low sensitivity in the diagnosis of disordered proliferative endometrium and endometrial polyps. Further studies with more samples in endometrial pathology are recommended to achieve more accurate results for each pathology.
Study Limitations. The HRET described in this study is designed for use as an objective outcome measure in ATR rehabilitation. Our use of a healthy population limits the generalisability of our findings to a clinical population. Ideally, this study should be replicated in an ATR population. This would provide important information on reliability and agreement (particularly for the limb symmetry index) and enable the computation of the smallest detectable change for treatment evaluation. The use of a single trained outcome assessor (intrarater reliability) also limits the generalisability of our findings to interrater reliability. Nevertheless, we would anticipate similar interrater reliability and agreement if the standardisation procedures described in this study are adhered to.
Study Limitations. Both the ICA model and the RWMA detection method are sensitive to the quality of the myocardial contours. To construct a good ICA model, high quality myocardial contours are required. This requires a low inter- and intraobserver variation in the contours (if they are manually drawn), or a low segmentation error (if the contours are segmented automatically). This issue is not specific to the proposed method, but it is inherent to any quantitative regional LV function measurement. In the present study, a binary classification between normal and abnormal motion is proposed. Classification of a specific type of abnormal motion, i.e. hypokinetic, aki- netic and dyskinetic, are not presented yet. As yet, the method therefore only serves as a computer-aided tool to draw the clinician’s attention to the suspected abnormal motion areas in the myocardium; staging of the wall motion abnormality may still be performed visually. The current automated method works by modeling contractility patterns for each ven- tricular slice level. Therefore the method does not capture the three dimensional heart
Study Limitations. While this study has aimed to provide recommendations that are specific to the CIQ/MUHC context, only limited research has been conducted on food‐related issues in CIQ neighbourhoods and in the Montreal region generally. A comprehensive assessment of the state of community food systems in each of the neighbourhoods surrounding the Xxxx Yards site, as well as further research on the state of urban and peri‐urban food systems is vital to developing specific food‐related programming. Furthermore, the MUHC has provided only limited information of the structure and plans for food services. While information obtained from the MUHC director of commercial development has been instructive, there may be other factors that may influence the form of food‐related CIQ/MUHC initiatives. For instance, details on how present hospital food service contracts are evaluated (other than that there is a qualitative and quantitative evaluation grid) and who forms the selection committee were not shared by the MUHC. Government policy is another influential factor and should be closely monitored, particularly at the provincial level. Support and enforcement of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux’s (MSSS) “Miser sur une xxxxx alimentation: une question de qualité”, for instance, could complement and provide strong backing for CIQ/MUHC food initiatives. While presently there is a lack of awareness of this guide204, it has the potential to act as an additional point of leverage with the MUHC. The ministry of agriculture, the MAPAQ, is also due to release a new agricultural policy in the spring of 2011, which will likely be accompanied by supporting programming. The situation should be followed due to its relevance to the future emergence of more sustainable food systems. 204 The Director of Commercial Development was unaware if the MUHC had made changes to food services in order to meet these guidelines. Annex 1: List of Interviewees Xxxxxxx Xxxx Building Better Opportunities with Business, C.E.O. (778)328‐7670 xxxxxxx.xxxx@xxxxxx.xxx France Xx Xxxxxxxx Solidarité St‐Henri, Agente de mobilisation en sécurité alimentaire 514‐937‐9813 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxx@xxxxxxx.xxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx XxXxxx University Health Centre, Responsable, Affaires publiques et gouvernementales (514) 934‐1934 poste 71680 xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxxxx.xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx XxXxxx Food Systems, Researcher (514) 695‐2288 xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxx CIQ, Conseil Communautaire NDG, Direct...
Study Limitations. The findings from this study should be interpreted in regard to its limitations. First, percent visit adherence may not accurately represent all patient appointments that were scheduled and kept. Data were collected from four different HIV clinics in Metro-Atlanta and we were unable to identify clinical care outside of one of our four recruiting clinics. Patient HIV appointments may have also been misclassified as a completed, missed, or no-show visit. Differences in each clinic’s scheduling practices made it difficult to accurately categorize HIV appointments into the broad categories of completed, missed, and no-show, which were used to calculate percent visit adherence. Additionally, percent visit adherence may provide a biased estimate of retention in care, as persons with few scheduled HIV appointments will have a lower percent visit adherence compared to persons with a greater number of scheduled HIV appointments who miss the same number of appointments. Second, this study may provide an overestimation of retention in care. Inclusion criteria for the parent study was a minimum of one scheduled HIV medical appointment and a current prescription for antiretroviral therapy within a specified time period. While these inclusion criteria are appropriate for the purposes of the parent study, they favor individuals who regularly attend HIV appointments. As a result, the findings from the present study may over estimate actual retention in care. Third, this study was unable to capture additional predictors of visit adherence. The final logistic and linear regression models accounted for 7% of the variance in visit adherence, suggesting that other model predictors are needed. A patient’s ability to keep an HIV appointment is influenced by a diversity of different socio-demographic factors, such as transportation or proximity to the HIV care clinic and may even be influenced by whether a patient communicates with his or her health care provider via email or other means. Additional research would benefit from capturing this information to determine its effect on visit adherence. Finally, findings from this study may not be generalizable to populations outside of Georgia or the Southern U.S. Our sample’s race and gender distributions were comparable to HIV infected populations in Georgia. However, due to data limitations, we are unable to address how the study sample relates to populations most affected by HIV, such as injection drug users or men who have sex wit...
Study Limitations. This study is not without limitations. One of the biggest limitations is the scope of this study. The study concentrated on one city, which is relatively small by European standards. Only four clubs from domestic top-division in their sport were interviewed. This makes generalization of the result hard, as the study paints the picture only from a relatively small area. Also, interviewing clubs from the same area led in the same way to similar answers, even though the difference in size of the sport and business led to some differences. The second limitation is the difficulties in terms used in this study. As mentioned in earlier chapters, terms such as CSR are sometimes hard to define and contain a wide variety of different issues. Also, most of the terms used in this study are originally in English. Interviews were conducted in Finnish, so some terms might be perceived differently. Some of them do not even have direct translation. Furthermore, even though the structure of the interview was delivered to respondents before, all of them did not possibly share the same understanding of the terms used in academic discussion. The third limitation is the connectivity between previous studies and research interviews. Most of the previous studies around the themes addressed are conducted in big European or American sport leagues. In these instances, sport clubs run multi-million businesses, which leads to more resources and possibilities to develop CSR strategies. Even though there were some studies from similar backgrounds, not all the theories and findings were applicable to different business environments.
Study Limitations. There are no large animal lung cancer models available for testing, therefore a pseudotumor model was used. The pseudotumors used in the animal model for these studies are mostly a dense proliferation of macrophages, which do provide a dense tissue target but are not cancer and therefore, while representative of the thermal cytocidal response pattern, may not represent the actual ablation of cancer cells. These studies were done in a small number of healthy animals (6). This number is too small for any meaningful statistical analysis. Short Term Study This GLP study was conducted under an IACUC approved protocol, SP-1602 GLP: RF Energy Ablation of Lung Pseudotumors Study in Yorkshire-Cross Farm Swine via Bronchoscopy (One Week Evaluation) and in accordance with Spiration’s protocol NCS-05097.AA. The study was conducted at the Care Research and Colorado Histo-Prep facilities in Fort Xxxxxxx, CO. The test subjects were 6 domestic swine with induced pseudo-tumors in the lungs. A total of 6 pseudo-tumors were ablated, 1 in each swine with 1 pseudo-tumor left un-ablated in the opposite lung as a control. One extra animal was kept in reserve for the duration of the study as a backup. The pseudo-tumors were located and measured by EBUS bronchoscope and one per animal selected for RF ablation using the ANET RF applicator. The amount of energy delivered was based on the depth of the lesion as measured by EBUS, and determined by a predefined algorithm. During the thermal ablation the applicator electrodes are cooled with a flow of sterile physiological saline solution which conducts some of the heat away from the center of the bipolar ablation zone while also helping to maintain conductivity of the ablated tissue. With the rapid cooling of the saline as it expands away from the electrodes, no addition thermal tissue damage can be detected and the saline is absorbed by the tissue vasculature. The ANET applicators all functioned properly, and delivered the pre-determined amount of energy to the target location. Placement, visualization and subsequent removal of the electrodes in the pseudotumor targets was accomplished without complication. After ablations, the swine were recovered and monitored for peri- or post- procedural complications and general health for 7 days, which according to the study pathologist was the optimal time to observe any cytocidal effects in the tissue. Each animal was then euthanized and a gross necropsy performed by the Study Board Certified ...
Study Limitations. There are four major study limitations related to the methods and approach used in this study.
Study Limitations. The sample of 36 participants may be small for the Xxxxx-Xxxxxx analysis, leading to wide limits of agreements. To avoid fatigue effects, participants performed only one PVT trial in each experimental condition. Future efforts should include a larger sample of participants with multiple replications in each experimental condition (Xxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1999). Lastly, the study participants were working typical office hours and were neither shiftworkers nor severely sleep-deprived. Even though a few reported elevated daytime sleepiness, their PVT results did not differ substantially from the rest of participants. In short, the study participants were considered in general well rested. Follow-up studies should use participants with fatigue levels comparable to those encountered in actual naval operational conditions.
