Ideology. Although the term “ideology” used by the IRI elite refers to a cluster of politico-religious ideas and meanings, but they all are nonetheless related to a secular definition of the notion of ideology. In practice, these politico- religious ideas and meanings while sometimes interchangeable possess a broad definition of the relationship between individuals and public. The term “ideology” in this given context also encompasses the meaning of theory and thought as well. Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx in his ‘Islamic Principles’ defines “ideology” as a necessary result of a qualified worldview, A worldview explicitly should be qualified by reason… the worldview of a School of Thought is the foundation for an ideology; and an ideology is the need and necessary result of a worldview. 63 Ideology, accordingly, in order to become a systematised conclusion about the worldview, it should be supported by human rational and logical knowledge which is generalised by human understanding. In the standard of Pan-Islamism, Xxx Xxxxxxxx defines ideology as the knowledge that expresses human-society relationships.64At the same time, in all occasions Pan-Islamist Xxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx himself has criticised Political Islam for ideologisation of Islamic religion, while proposing an ideology for temporal affairs and a religion for salvation: In recent years the word ideology’ is very much honoured. The late Xxxxxxxx, Motahari, and other ideologues used the word ‘ideology’ when talking about Islam.65 Today, ‘ideology’ is often used for a well-established set of ideas. The word ideology is qualified with a meaning for a school of thought and its principles. It has also been used as a platform for an ethnic group, political party, or a nation while willing to be armed with a weapon. The groups armed with ideology determine their position in a materialistic way with the existence, other societies and school of thought. The ideology however is used as a sharp weapon in the hand of some groups’ followers against opponents. This 63 - Xxxxxxxx, X. 1997. ‘ma’arehe Islami dar xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx’ (The Principles of Islam in Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Works) pp. 50-54, published in Iran 64 -“Shariati generally considered religion as a culture repository and called for a distillation and utilisation of this resource…he had a sociological appreciation of the interpenetration of form and substance, religious culture and ethic culture…he, therefore, encouraged Muslims to ideologies religion and literate it from the...
Ideology. ..is that public sector provision was inefficient and often ineffective; that it led to neither cost containment nor to quality improvement...and that, if left unchecked, it would see unacceptable growth in tax bills...and declining standards of public services. (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx 2001:34). The term “NPM” refers to significant, indeed transformative, change brought to public sector management practices following Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx’x 1979 election victory in the UK. But NPM-style governing also attracted wide followings in the US, Australia and New Zealand starting from the early 1980s. Within the UK, NPM continued to find broad political support with the subsequent elections of both the Conservative Prime Minister Xxxx Xxxxx and his Labour successors, Prime Ministers Xxxxx and Xxxxx. The Coalition Government, in place at the time of writing, continues to carry the NPM torch. Political and party ideology does not explain widespread acceptance of NPM by governments from across the political spectrum (such as Sweden’s social democratic government) or recent history in the UK (Hood 1995). Xxxxxxxxxx (2009a:892) describes NPM as “an increasingly global phenomenon”, spreading beyond its Western roots to developing countries in Asia and Africa. The result of over 35 years of NPM-friendly government in the UK is deeply embedded features of the doctrine within the public sector and public services delivery. Nowhere is this more marked than within healthcare, which has long been seen as a “high impact” sector for implementing NPM ideas (XxXxxxx & Xxxxxx 2002:53). This enduring nature of NPM within the healthcare sector has had a considerable impact on TB control in London. Key Features of NPM Whilst there is no single, universally agreed definition of NPM, Xxxxxx et al (1996:10- 14), present four models of the doctrine, representing its evolution over time (see Figure 13 below). Efficiency Drive (dominant throughout 1980s) Downsizing and Decentralization (in place by mid-1990s) In Search of Excellence Public Sector Orientation Increased focus on: o Financial control o Target setting & monitoring o Audit function o Role and rights of consumers Reduced power for professionals, including power of self-regulation Enhanced power and authority for managers Increased degree of management hierarchy Search for increased organisational flexibility Creation of autonomous business units Contracting out non-strategic functions Flatter organisational structures with ...
Ideology. Very Conservative 15% Somewhat Conservative 19 Moderate 36 Somewhat Liberal 16 Very Liberal 10 Unsure / Don’t Know 5 Methodology XXX conducted interviews of 401 registered voters in Nevada between January 30th and February 5th. A national survey was conducted concurrently with state-‐level surveys. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish. The sample was weighted on race, ethnicity, age, education and region. Notable demographics are included.
Ideology. The Board acknowledges that it would be inappropriate and ineffectual to compel teachers to contractually promise to believe in any particular educational curriculum or methodology, provided this section shall not be construed to justify or authorize any teacher to decline to follow the planned instructional program or to present instructional materials as prescribed by the Board.
