Plasma. Proteins Figure 1 shows the relative position of most of the plasma proteins.
Plasma wall studies, exploring plasma-wall interaction scenarios with Li coating and Li-liquid limiter concepts.
Plasma wall interaction and divertor physics;
Plasma. (a) Cerus and BHC acknowledge and agree that the Cooperative Development Work, as defined in the RBC/FFP Agreement, for the Plasma System;
Plasma. Using a scientific pipette, aspirate off the plasma layer (about 50-60% of the sample) into 0.5ml cryovials. Continue until all the plasma has been removed, but without disturbing the buffy coat layer. A total of 4 or 5 cyrovials (0.5ml) should be obtained. Store in a -80°C freezer. Record freezer storage time of the plasma on the Biospecimen log (appendix B5).
Plasma. A quasi-neutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibit collective behavior. Promoted Ignition-Combustion Test: Promoted Ignition-Combustion Test is a test used to determine the flammability of materials, mainly metals, in 50 to 10,000 psi gaseous oxygen (GOX), through the utilization of a promoter material that adds supplemental heat in order to initiate combustion. The MSFC Promoted Ignition-Combustion tester uses a metal promoter to initiate the combustion of a rod of the sample material. Prototype: An original engineering unit/model utilized early in the design process to resolve design issues. Real-Time Support: Level of support that has the personnel, tools, and location necessary for a timely response. Risk: The uncertainty of attaining a performance outcome or result and is the function of the probability and the consequence of failing to attain the performance outcome or result. Risk Management: The processes for identifying, assessing, mitigating, and tracking risks. Safety: Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. Space Act Agreement (SAA): Specifically, SAAs are those “agreements whose authority is derived from NASA`s "other transaction" authority of the NASA Space Act [of 1958]. It does not include Xxxxxx Act (also known as the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act) cooperative agreements [31 U.S.C. § 6305] or grants [31 U.S.C. § 6304]. …these "other transaction" agreements (referred to as SSA) also do not include procurement contracts. Therefore, procurement laws and regulations are not applicable.” {“"Agreement" defined in the broadest of contexts includes any agreement concluded under the authority of the NASA Space Act [of 1958] (contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or other transactions). Generally, agreements establish a set of legally enforceable promises between NASA and another party to the agreement, requiring a commitment of NASA resources (including funding, services, equipment, expertise, information, or facilities to accomplish the objectives of the agreement.”} Space Environmental Effects (SEE): SEE provides valuable information to designers, engineers, and scientists on the behavior of materials in the space environment. Test facilities are utilized to evaluate materials optical, mechanical, and electrical property performance in atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, charged particles, plasma, a...
Plasma accelerating structures, as they shall be further developed in this work, define the frontier in high gradient acceleration and therefore address this important challenge. The May 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report on “Building for Discovery – Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in the Global Context” identifies the “critical need for technical breakthroughs that will yield more cost-effective accelerators. For example, ultra-high gradient accelerator techniques will require the development of power sources …, and accelerating structures (plasmas, metallic, and dielectric) that can sustain high average power, have high damage threshold, and can be cascaded.” The European strategy for novel accelerators shall address the development of these ultra-high gradient accelerator structures. Finally, the 2009 report on "Next-Generation Photon Sources for Grand Challenges in Science and Energy” (p65/66) already pinpoints the user case: “The peak brilliance of this new source could be comparable with that of conventional accelerator-based FELs, while the average brilliance still needs substantial progress in pulsed-laser technologies to be considered competitive … As with many laser- based sources, the main advantage would not be the replacement of, but rather complementarity with, existing large-scale facilities to benefit a large user community.” As introduced above, proof-of-principle measurements for GeV-class plasma acceleration have been published in high-ranking journals and the physics principles are proven. The science communities have assessed plasma acceleration and have confirmed its potential, as seen in the quotes above. Issues and problems are known, are predominantly of technical nature and requirements for improvements have been listed. The EuroNNAc2 network pursues the approach that user beam quality for plasma accelerators can be achieved with adequate resources and a combined effort from experts in different laboratories with a large range of expert competences. No fundamental issue that prevents these objectives is known today. It can be seen from Figure 1 that there are many institutes in Europe involved in advanced accelerator research and that there are 16 major research facilities operating or under construction in Europe. A coordinated strategy is required for creating a “combined effort” as mentioned above. The AWAKE experiment is developing proton beams as new and hopefully highly efficient power sources f...
Plasma accelerators have so far not exhibited fundamental limitations in energy reach and are still progressing exponentially with time (see Figure 8).
Plasma accelerators presently offer lower beam energy than conventional accelerators. This is mainly due to the fact that cascading of plasma structures has so far not been a priority and has only recently been achieved for the first time.
Plasma a smaller category whose production has stopped around 2015, but likely to be found in waste over the next few years, not using PMMA
