Review of the Literature. In this section some of the results on secret-key agreement by perfectly authen- ticated public discussion are reviewed. Xxxxxxx'x [21] famous result on perfect secrecy, stating that a cipher can achieve perfect secrecy only if the entropy of the secret key is at least as large as the entropy of the plaintext, can be considered as a special case (for 1-round protocols) of Theorem 1 below. Although Xxxxx'x wire-tap channel scenario [25] and Xxxxxxx and Kxxxxx'x generalization [8] thereof do not include a public channel between Xxxxx and Xxx, they should neverthe- less be mentioned here. In those scenarios, Xxxxx can send information over a so-called broadcast channel where Bob and Xxx can receive di erent outputs of the channel. Secret information transmission (and hence secret-key agreement) was shown to be possible if and only if Xxx's channel is noisier than Bob's chan- nel [8], an assumption that is generally unrealistic. In the scenario considered in quantum cryptography (see [2] and references therein), Xxxxx can send polarized light pulses of very low intensity to Bob over cepts of information theory.
Review of the Literature. Introduction
Review of the Literature. The purpose of this review of the literature was to select and analyze research relevant to my research questions. After detailing search criteria and methods, the literature is divided into two major sections: theoretical research on authenticity and empirical research on authenticity in writing. The first section on theories does not center exclusively on writing because most of the theories of authenticity are general and pertain to education as a whole. The distinction between empirical and theoretical research is not a strict dichotomy, and when applicable, empirical work supporting a particular theoretical point is presented in the theoretical section. Within the theoretical section, five major themes are explored: real world relevance, constructivism, disciplined inquiry, the subjective nature of authenticity, and authenticity as a continuum. The second section on empirical research is divided into research that documents the effects of inauthentic writing instruction and research that documents the effects of authentic writing instruction. My search primarily focused on K-12 authentic English language arts education, and even more specifically, writing tasks. Within the search, “authentic” had to apply to the literacy task itself, for example, an authentic purpose for writing, not the authentic assessment or an authentic rubric for writing. A number of exceptions were made for research in college settings that could be applied to K-12 settings. In addition, because writing is interdisciplinary, research in science classrooms that was germane to this study was included. I conducted a number of database searches to find research that focused on authentic writing practices in K-12 classrooms using JSTOR, XXXX (Department of Education), and XXXX (EBSCOhost). Search terms included authentic, writing, secondary, observation, interview, ethnography, and “writing assessment”. These terms were used in various combinations and fields in an attempt to identify key pieces. A number of the search terms were descriptors in the XXXX system (including “ethnography” and “writing instruction”), and a number of new descriptors proved helpful such as “teacher role,” “middle grades,” and “classroom research.” I then conducted descriptor searches and limited my search by date. For example, in XXXX (U.S. Department of Education) I searched for “ethnography” and “writing instruction” from 2000- 2010, resulting in 30 search results. Of these 30 results, most were excluded ...
Review of the Literature. Introduction Theory and best practices
Table 1. Theory-Based Index of Best Practices for Mentoring Programs(6,9)*
Figure 1. Model of youth mentoring: Close, enduring mentoring relationships influence youth outcomes through social/emotional, cognitive, and identity development(12). Only one mentoring program, Across Ages, has been labeled a “model program” on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices. Across Ages pairs youth aged 10-13 years with mentors aged 50 or older. It has achieved its status by incorporating many of the best practices outlined above including rigorous screening, 10 hours of prematch training, match durations that greatly surpass the national average, pre-match training of youth, community service projects, structured activities and goal setting and ongoing mentor supervision, training and support(7).
Review of the Literature. 1 HIV in the United States 1 Women living with HIV 1 Mothers living with HIV 2 Facilitators to healthcare engagement 3 Barriers to healthcare engagement 5 Intersectionality 9
Review of the Literature. 2.1 The emergence of male involvement in sexual and reproductive health
2.2 Gender roles and norms
2.3 Male involvement in the avoidance of unwanted pregnancy
2.4 Male involvement in antenatal care/PMTCT and VCT
Review of the Literature. A Brief Medical History of Transgenderism
Review of the Literature. A review of the literature was performed to identify articles and information that could be used to develop the search criteria and methodology for this study. The literature was also searched for any existing case definitions for surgical fires that could prove useful when reviewing adverse event reports. Finally, the literature was searched for information about the incidence or prevalence of surgical fires. The table below outlines the search terms that were used. Non-traditional sources, such as educational videos and publications from federal agencies, of which the author was aware, were also included. Objective Search Strategy Summary of Results
Review of the Literature. A review of the relevant literature provided a foundation for this study. In the review, I discuss the comparative education literature on textbook analysis and the limited research on the presentation of slavery in history textbooks. This review serves to situate this study within a comparative, historical, and democratic citizenship framework. Additionally, over the span of the last 100 years only a handful of authors looked specifically at how slavery was presented in history textbooks in the United States. Although the topic of slavery was touched on in research about race in textbooks, for example, slavery as a topic remained tangential to the focus of such studies. Therefore, I decided not to include studies that focused on the issues of race or gender with only minimal attention to slavery. In the following section I discussed the studies on which this study builds. Much of the scholarship published in English on education in Brazil has focused on issues and problems at the national level (Guimarães xx Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2004; Haussman & Haar, 1978; Havighurst & Xxxxxxx, 1965; Plank, 1996; UNESCO, 2000). Researchers have looked largely at literacy rates, access, equity, retention rates, national reform policies, and the role of international assistance and intervention. Although many of the researchers have brought to light the existence and vastness of important educational problems in Brazil, recent scholars have sought to examine additional education issues including citizenship education (Xxxxxxxxx e Xxxxx, 2004; Xxxxx, 2007; Schugurensky & Madjidi, 2008), identity, race, and racism in education (Xxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxx xx Xxxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxx, 2008), and affirmative action policies (Xxxxx, 2010; Htun, 2004). However, my review of the literature yielded only one study that focused on Brazilian textbooks (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2010), but none that specifically focused on the presentation of slavery in Brazilian textbooks.
Review of the Literature. Access to clean drinking water and improved sanitation is fundamental to health and the prevention of many diseases worldwide. A lack of clean water and sanitation leads to diarrheal illness and other infectious diseases through the fecal-oral pathway. Diarrheal illness is the second leading cause of death among children under the age of five, especially in developing countries. (WHO, 2009) Most of these deaths are preventable through use of hygienic latrines, hand washing, and access to clean drinking water. There are many barriers to access to improved sanitation in both rural and urban areas of developing countries as well as much potential for improvement. Causes of diarrheal illness include enteric viruses such as rotavirus, the leading global cause of diarrhea for children under the age of five, and others such as norovirus and adenovirus. Bacterial infections such as cholera, salmonella, shigella and pathogenic E coli are common in developing countries and are often the cause of foodborne illness. Protozoa, such as a giardia and cryptosporidium, also cause gastrointestinal illness, and the latter is chlorine resistant. Other sanitation-related diseases include intestinal worms, such as cestodes (tapeworms), and non-diarrheal diseases like trachoma that have been linked to poor sanitation and hygiene. The annual childhood diarrhea mortality burden is 1.5 million children a year, and 80% of those deaths are children under the age of two years. Dehydration is the main cause of death due to rapid fluid loss. Malnutrition can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to diarrheal illness. (WHO, 2009) Diarrheal illness also increases the likelihood of malnutrition, often catching children in a vicious cycle. Diarrheal illness affects adults as well with an estimated two billion cases per year globally. An estimated 72 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were lost globally to diarrheal illness in 2004, far more than malaria and HIV/AIDS. (WHO, 2004) Sanitation is a critical part of breaking the fecal-oral transmission route for many diarrheal and other illnesses. A lack of sanitation will eventually contaminate water, food or hands and transmit enteric pathogens. Figure 1 is known as the “F- diagram” and depicts possible transmission routes of fecal contamination pathways. (Xxxxxx, 1958) This shows that fecal contamination of fingers, food, and water can cause risk of illness even when a population has a reliable, safe water supply. H...
