Baseline characteristics. Looking at the characteristics, 68.1% were female and the mean age at pre- test was 62.3 years. In order to be able to compare benzodiazepine use, all medication dosages were transferred to an equivalent dose of diazepam using the conversion table of Zitman and Couvee (35). For participants taking more than one benzodiazepine, the dosages were summed up. The data showed that the mean usage of benzodiazepines was over eight years, with 66 Long-term effectiveness of computer-generated tailored patient education an average of 49.3 milligrams of diazepam equivalents per week. 15.8% used more than one type of benzodiazepine. The most frequently used types of benzodiazepines were oxazepam (30.7%), temazepam (26.5%) and diazepam (10.7%). When looking at the baseline scores, most patients had no plans to discontinue usage (M=2.2). They also expected positive outcomes (M=2.9), as well as negative outcomes (M=2.3) for benzodiazepine cessation, and on average participants perceived their capability to discontinue usage as low (M=3.0) (see also Table 1). Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N=695) at baseline assessment in the three intervention conditions. Single Multiple General tailored letter tailored letter practitioner- Total intervention intervention letter p Demographic variables Gender (female) 68.1% 67.9% 71.0% 65.2% .41 Age (years) (mean (SD)) 62.3 (14.2) 61.6 (14.0) 62.5 (14.8) 63.0 (13.6) .61 Benzodiazepine usage: Duration of use (years)(mean (SD)) 8.1 (10.6) 8.3 (11.1) 7.8 (9.8) 8.0 (11.1) .88 Weekly dose in mg diazepam equivalent (mean (SD)) 49.3 (70.8) 55.3 (66.6) 47.8 (86.9) 43.1 (50.9) .19 Poly use: > 1 benzodiazepine 15.8% 18.4% 16.7% 11.6% .13 Top 3: .22 Oxazepam 30.7% 26.3% 27.7% 28.8% Temazepam 26.5% 22.3% 26.1% 23.1% Diazepam 10.7% 8.0% 9.5% 10.6% Diazepam: ≥70mg/week 26.2% 30.4% 22.5% 24.5% .13 Indication .15 Sleep 53.1% 57.5% 47.4% 55.6% Anxiety 25.1% 22.2% 28.5% 23.9% Physical 10.4% 10.9% 9.5% 11.7% Mental 11.3% 9.5% 14.6% 8.8% Cognitions: Intention to discontinue (mean (SD)) 2.2 (1.9) 2.2 (1.9) 2.2 (2.0) 2.1 (1.9) .75 Positive outcome expectation (mean (SD)) 2.9 (1.2) 2.9 (1.3) 2.8 (1.3) 2.9 (1.2) .96 expectation (mean (SD)) 2.3 (1.2) 2.3 (1.2) 2.3 (1.2) 2.4 (1.3) .53 Self-efficacy (mean (SD)) 3.0 (1.5) 3.0 (1.5) 2.9 (1.5) 2.9 (1.5) .57 Negative outcome Randomization analyses showed that the participants in the conditions at pre- test did not differ among the different conditions for all baseline measurements listed in...
Baseline characteristics. Baseline characteristics N = 92 (%) TABLE 3. Final diagnoses and correlations for LVF evaluations. Final Diagnosis Correlation (%) No correlation (%) Hypotension (n = 45) Suspected hypervolemia (n = 47) Fig 1. Percentage of correlation between EM residents and cardiologist in LVF assessment.
Baseline characteristics. The AChR MG group is divided in the in vaccination and placebo group. *Healthy controls are significantly younger (p=0.001) than the AChR MG group en consist out of significantly more females (p=0.02). ** MGFA classification: Myasthenia gravis foundation America classification.
Baseline characteristics. The original cohort of Georgia inmates consisted of 23,510 persons alive and incarcerated on June 30 1991. Due to deaths and exclusions (see Figure 1), by January 1, 1998 the cohort held 22,351 current and former inmates, of which 8,062 were incarcerated. Table 1 shows selected demographic characteristics of the remaining cohort’s experience until September 2, 2010. At the end of the analysis period 2,771 (12.4%) of the examined xxxxxx had died. The sample was 94% male and 66% black and <1% Hispanic. Due to the lagged period of interest, the mean age of the cohort was 39.2 years (Standard Deviation: 8.9 years), 6.7 years higher than the study start which was only 6.5 years earlier, indicating increased mortality in younger members of the cohort during the period June 30, 1991 to January 1, 1998. By 2010, inmates had been incarcerated an average of 3.0 times (SD: 2.2) spending an average total of 10.7 years (SD: 8.9) in custody 792 inmates (3.5%) in the cohort starting on January 1, 1998 were classified as having ever tested positive for HIV infection. Of the 792, 174 (22.0%) seroconverted during the study period. Age, race, and sex adjusted survival curves in Figure 2 show significant difference in all-cause mortality between HIV positive and negative inmates (Xxxx Xxx-Square P < 0.001). The high levels of mortality were particularly pronounced in inmates diagnosed before 1998. 38.2% of those infected before the analysis period died, compared to 12.6% of those diagnosed after 1998 (Wilcoxon P <0.001). Mean survival time for those diagnosed before 1998 was 9.9 years (Standard Deviation: 4.2 years), while those who were diagnosed after study start survived an average 12.2 years (Standard Deviation: 1.5 years). Table 3 shows HIV prevalence across various demographic factors. Prevalence between races was significantly different. Over five percent of black inmates were infected compared to 1.0% of whites (Xxxxxx’x P <0.001). White inmates were more likely to have contracted HIV after 1998, though the difference was not significant (26.9% vs. 21.4%). Females showed higher prevalence of HIV infection than males (4.8% vs. 3.5%; Xxxxxx’x P<0.001), but men were more likely to have documented seroconversion during the study period, as 23.1% of male infections were diagnosed after January 1, 1998, compared with 7.0% for females (Xxxxxx’x P<0.01). Using the maximum lifetime grade from the GDC psychiatric assessments (see Table 2), mental illness was detected in 1,791 (...
Baseline characteristics. Baseline characteristics will be compared between the two treatment groups to assess covariate balance. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests will be used for continuous variables; Xxxxxx’x exact tests and Chi-Square tests will be used for grouped or categorical variables.
Baseline characteristics. Presence of abnormal decrement not tested for 2 LEMS patients at the time of investigation. N.a.- data not available. AChR MG- acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis, LEMS- Xxxxxxx-Xxxxx myasthenic syndrome, MuSK MG- muscle-specific kinase antibody-positive myasthenia gravis, NMD- neuromuscular disease, SCLC- small cell lung cancer. Sensitivity and specificity are reported in Table 2, showing increased sensitivity for the 60% as compared to the 100% cut-off. Exclusion of 3 seronegative LEMS patients with typical clinical symptoms (including prominent autonomic symptoms) resulted in a sensitivity of 80.0% (67.7%-89.2%) for a 60% increment threshold and 61.7% (48.2%-73.4%) using a 100% threshold. Limiting the control group only to 23 patients with myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes, specificity was 95.7% for the 60% threshold and 100% for the 100% threshold. The single false positive patient had a normal initial CMAP amplitude, 56% decrement and 68% increment in the hypothenar muscle. She had generalized MG with acetylcholine receptor (AchR) antibodies and a severe axonal polyneuropathy. Number LEMS Patients Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Any muscle 156 63 93 77.8 98.9 58.7 100 (65.5-87.3) (94.2-100) (45.6-71.0) (96.1-100) Hypothenar 152 62 90 74.2 98.9 54.8 100 (61.5-84.5) (94.0-100) (41.7-67.5) (96.0-100) Nasalis 17 10 7 80.0 100 50.0 100 Other muscles* 3 1 2 100 100 100 100 *See Results section. Confidence intervals for nasalis and other muscles were omitted because of the limited number of patients. CI- confidence interval, LEMS-Xxxxxxx-Xxxxx myasthenic syndrome. Sensitivity was higher in the 18 untreated LEMS patients, and in LEMS patients without associated lung cancer for the 60% cut-off (Supplemental Table 1). Of three seronegative LEMS patients with typical clinical symptoms who were already treated symptomatically, one had a clinically meaningful increment (95%) in the hypothenar muscle. Increment in nasalis muscles was mainly tested in patients with ocular or facial weakness (in 11 of 17 patients) or low CMAP amplitude of the nasalis muscle (10/17). This resulted in detection of >100% increment in two patients without increment in the hypothenar muscle.
Baseline characteristics of subjects
Baseline characteristics. In our study sample, baseline mean ± standard deviation for eGFR and composite life-space were 61.1±18 ml/min/1.73m2 and 63.5±23 respectively. Of the 400 participants, 199 (50%) had an eGFR less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and 178 (45%) had LSR. Baseline characteristics of the study sample, stratified by the four dual-exposure categories of No CKD/No LSR, No CKD/LSR, CKD/No LSR, and CKD/LSR are shown in Table 1. Compared to those with No CKD/No LSR, participants with both exposures were more likely to be older (80.6 vs. 75.4 years), female (68% vs. 41%), and diabetic (40% vs. 24%), and were less likely to have completed high school (40% vs. 74%). The CKD/LSR group also had a high prevalence of HF (26%) compared to the other groups. Those with LSR, regardless of CKD status, were also more likely to be African- American race and report ADL difficulty, cognitive impairment, and reduced gait speed. LSR and Mortality Median follow-up time in the study was 4.4 years (IQR: 3.9-4.5) with a total time under observation of 1,550.6 person-years. During this period, there were 85 verified deaths. Counts and mortality rates are shown in Table 2, stratified by category of CKD/LSR exposure. Mortality rates per 1,000 person-years were higher in those with LSR (80.0 and 87.4 in those with and without CKD respectively) compared to those without LSR (38.6 and 31.3 in those with and without CKD). Mortality curves for the four exposure groups are shown in Figure 1. Results from hazard models for the risk of mortality due to restricted life-space are shown in Table 3. Among all participants, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing all-cause mortality in those with LSR to those without was 1.95 (1.17-3.25) after adjusting for age, race, sex, high school completion, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other comorbid conditions. Individual addition of ADL difficulty, presence of cognitive impairment, and gait speed resulted in a reduction in the point estimate of the LSR-mortality association, resulting in point estimates for the HR of 1.60, 1.67, and 1.62 in each of these models respectively. After stratification of the sample by CKD status, the association between LSR and risk of mortality was stronger in those without CKD (HR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.13-5.43) than in those with CKD (HR=1.79, 95% CI: 0.89-3.64) using our fully adjusted model. There were differences in the pattern of attenuation after addition of ADL difficulty, cognitive impairment, and gait speed to the fully ad...
Baseline characteristics. The demographics of the total study population and the various subgroups are given in table 1. There were nine stress sensitive and eight stress non-sensitive patients. The baseline mean PSWQ and Xxxxx PSS scores were higher in the stress sensitive patients. Is stress a trigger factor for migraine? The temporal profiles of the mean scores for perceived stress, morning cortisol, evening cortisol, heart rate, LF and HF power are shown in Figures 1a-e for the whole study population and in Figures 2a-e for the subgroup of nine stress-sensitive patients compared to eight non stress-sensitive patients. In the total study population, the mean score for perceived stress was 17.8 ± 16.2 on the migraine day, the mean morning cortisol 15.6 ± 9.7 nmol/l, the mean evening cortisol 5.3 ± 2.7 nmol/l and the mean heart rate 79.7 ± 12.1 bpm. Differences between observation days were not significant. The comparison between the stress sensitive with non-sensitive patients revealed in the nine stress sensitive patients an increase in perceived stress in the days prior to an attack (Figure 2a), but no other differences between the two groups. A B C D E F Figure 1A Perceived stress during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Figures 1B Morning corisol during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Figure 1c Evening cortisol during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Figures 1D Heart rate average during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Figures 1E LF power during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Figures 1F HF power during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Chapter 2 A X X xxxxx 1 regel 2 regel 3 regel 4 regel 5 regel 6 regel 7 E regel 8 X X xxxxx 9 regel 10 regel 11 regel 12 regel 13 regel 14 regel 15 regel 16 regel 17 regel 18 regel 19 regel 20 regel 21 regel 22 regel 23 regel 24 regel 25 regel 26 regel 27 regel 28 regel 29 regel 30 regel 31 regel 32 regel 33 regel 34 regel 35 regel 36 regel 37 regel 38 regel 39 Figure 2A Perceived stress for the nine stress sensitive (filled triangles) and eight stress non-sensitive (open circles) patients, who were followed during an attack and for 1-4 days prior to the attack. Error bars repre...
Baseline characteristics body mass index; smoking habit; age at menarche; age at menopause; menopausal status at the time of breast cancer diagnosis; use of birth control pills; prior children before breast cancer diagnosis; history of spontaneous abortion; history of induced abortion; prior treatment for infertility; prior gynecological surgery and/or medical history with possible impact on fertility.
