Dissertation Outline. Building on the concepts outlined in the present chapter, chapter two will plant the context for the later analysis of the African military and its relationship to the state. Part of this context lies in the benchmarks set by the experience of longer existing states on other continents. For analytical purposes, and at the risk of simplifying reality somewhat, three scenarios of state formation and state-building can be identified: the long process of state creation in the more ancient polities on other continents, the late 19th early 20th century experiences of authoritarian state-building, and post-World War II democratic state-building. Those three scenarios will be scrutinised for clues about two main aspects: firstly, the relationship between stages of state formation and the evolution of political cultures; secondly, the role and place of the military in connection to both elements. Particularly important questions are whether, and in which conditions, it is possible to ‘accelerate’ the process of state-building or state transformation on the basis of a political culture which is obviously not in tune with the institutional model to which it aspired. In this, Japan, Germany and Turkey yield profound lessons for Africa. Another core aim is to identify the conditions in which the military, as part of a culturally-marked social and political body, is able to distance itself from the latter to act primarily according to its institutional role in a state-strengthening fashion. These are the conditions that enable us to differentiate those cases where the military is an instrument for state-building from those where it is an obstacle thereto. On the basis of these historically-driven parameters, the creation and development process of African states and their armies is sketched out to highlight a number of crucial differences from existing European and Asian models. I argue that a local political culture characterised by patronage systems and closed or limited access orders, and reinforced by a strong impact of mysticism, is a central explanatory factor for those differences. Taking into account the historical context of state creation in Africa, military immersion in traditional political cultures, and particular aspects of states’ policies regarding the role of the military in post-colonial national development, Chapter 2 concludes with a set of key questions that serve as a roadmap with which to examine the subsequent case studies with an overarching con...
Dissertation Outline. In this chapter, I reviewed the relevant literature and laid out the theoretical framework of the dissertation project. In the next chapter, I present the results of quantitative analysis of secondary country-level data. In Chapter 3, I discuss the historical evolution of HIV/AIDS policy in Barbados and in Chapter 4 - I compare with the HIV/AIDS policy making in Trinidad and Tobago. In those two chapter I that electoral market imperfections affected service delivery, in particular in the area of the provision of anti-retroviral treatment. However, they had less of an impact of policy adoption, and the transition from the medical model to a multisectoral approach. In Chapter 5 I return to the analysis of the data form Barbados to show some unexpected findings regarding policy measures pertaining to socially marginalized groups: men who have sex with man and commercial sex workers. I show that while the high degree of accountability of elected official and public servants resulting from the low level of electoral market imperfections helped Barbados in improving its response to AIDS and , in particular successfully scale up its treatment program, it also had a negative impact on the part of the national response targeting socially marginalized groups. In the final chapter (Chapter 6) I summarize the evidence from all the empirical chapter (2 through 5) and discuss conclusions, limitations implications of the dissertation for further research.
Dissertation Outline. 9 more detailed research. And finally, in Chapter 9, we contribute to the discussion on development- led archaeology more broadly, and how computational tools might solve existing problems and shape future research.
Dissertation Outline. This dissertation consists of a collection of papers, sandwiched in between the introduction / background chapters and a discussion chapter. A majority of the papers have already been published in – or submitted to – peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings during the course of the PhD. The papers are not in chronological order of publication, but in the order that makes the most sense for the narrative. Each paper can be read independently from the other chapters. In the following Chapter (2), we will give an overview of the current state of affairs in Digital Archaeology, grey literature, and the value of excavation reports. We will also introduce Text Mining techniques, so the following chapters can be understood by anyone. Finally, we present previous research on Text Mining in archaeology, and the resources we use for this research. In Chapter 3 we discuss the difficulties with an existing training data set for Named Entity Recognition, and how we have created a new data set with rigorous guidelines that improves the accuracy (Brandsen et al., 2020).
