Malnutrition. Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, CVD, Coeliac Disease and be able to find information on specific conditions (may require prompting) - Demonstrates understanding of where to find the information relevant to dietetic practice (relevant to the setting) The relevance of the below will depend upon the setting: - Basic knowledge of commonly used nutritional supplements - Basic knowledge of commonly used drugs - Basic knowledge of portion sizes, calorie and protein contents for common foods. - Knowledge of the nutritional needs of the general ‘healthy’ population - Initiates looking up information about specific conditions/diseases or processes. - Demonstrates an understanding of the principles behind dietary interaction/input/ practice in this role and how these are translated into practical advice. Communication
Malnutrition. Malaria, conflict, droughts and agricultural pests have led to significant food shortages. In 2005, malnutrition was the second highest cause of deaths and micronutrient-related anemia the fourth highest cause of death in children U5 in health facilities.20 Rural households spend 75% of monthly income on food, and urban households spend 48%.21 The number of meals per day and the number of different foods eaten are much lower in rural areas.22 41% of U5 rural children are underweight, (<-2 Z-scores, weight-for-age), and 22% of urban children. Severe malnutrition affects 14% of rural children (<-3 Z- scores, weight-for age).23 In Gitega, 7% of children are wasted, and 42% are underweight. 24 Malnutrition is reported at 14% in Kibuye.25 A national nutrition survey found that childhood malnutrition was linked to feeding practices, fever and frequent diarrhea. Some mothers withhold liquids and food when children are sick.26 The study recommends that interventions focus on behavior change and preventing and treating diseases, such as malaria, which is an important cause of anemia.27 According to the World Food Program, one-fifth of women aged 15-49 years in Burundi are underweight, contributing to low birth rates and high IMR. Gitega is one of the top 3 provinces for under-nourishment in women of reproductive age.28 Vitamin A coverage among children 6-59 months is poor; in 2006, 28% of children 6-59 months had Vitamin 19 Roll Back Malaria. World Malaria Report 2005. Available online: xxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/wrm2005/html/2-1.htm [hereafter: RBM 2005] 20 PNDS 2005.
Malnutrition. Malnutrition has been and remains a constant problem throughout Cameroon, especially in the rural areas. It is primarily due to inappropriate or non-use of locally available foods rich in vitamins, minerals and protein. Results of a recent study by Plan revealed up to 30% malnutrition among children under three years old. Growth monitoring and community-based nutrition rehabilitation, nutrition education and IEC are the primary components of this intervention. Scales and other equipment were supplied by the project, as was refresher training of staff. However, in spite of these efforts, this intervention has not demonstrated significant results. For this reason, the project decided to switch to using the PD/Hearth approach instead. This change has only recently begun and is not yet being fully implemented. In the next scale up project, it will be a major focus of the nutrition component. Children who attended growth-monitoring sessions during the last 4 months and whose weights were plotted on the road to health growth monitoring card increased from 11% to 44.4%, which exceeded the targeted 40%. Since this indicator was measured using children’s cards we believe that the actual value is higher because many children did not have their cards with them for various reasons, e.g. mothers relocate and the cards are left behind. CBO members in their respective communities conduct growth monitoring and nutrition rehabilitation sessions. During these monthly sessions children are weighed and the information is recorded both in the community register as well as plotted on the child’s card. This is followed by a nutrition demonstration session where all the mothers of U-5 children participate. For children who were identified with malnutrition, the CBO members follow them through home visits where they ensure that mothers are putting into practice what they learned at the demonstration sessions. Emphasis is placed on using locally available foods to prepare balanced meals for the children. In spite of this regular exercise conducted by the community members, the malnutrition rate decrease is not significant, from 19.1% baseline value to 16.4%, missing the targeted 10%. Even though this is partially explained by the fact that nutrition rehabilitation did not start until after the MTE, it also confirms that there is need to adopt innovative approaches like PD/Hearth, which has shown its worth in a pilot project carried out by Plan Cameroon with funding from the Japan N...
Malnutrition. 1. Ensure that CBO coverage is provided for at least 80% of communities.
Malnutrition. The absence of immune-promoting nutrients, like vitamin A and zinc, has also been hypothesized as a source of decreased RV vaccine protection in developing nations. Studies have demonstrated that vitamin A metabolites, like retinoic acid, promote T and B cell homing to the gut and a balance of gut regulatory to inflammatory T cells (20). Like vitamin A, zinc has also been shown to enhance immunity. Zinc supplementation increases T and B cell activity, enhances antibody responses, and also stimulates oxidative bursts and phagocytosis in macrophages during bacterial infection (21-23). One could imagine that vaccination in the absence of these nutrients could prevent macrophage functioning, inhibit immune cell homing and activity, encourage an inflammatory environment, and potentially, hinder RV vaccine seroconversion. A vitamin newly recognized to regulate immunity and modulate infection is vitamin D. Like supplementation with vitamin A and zinc, vitamin D supplementation may increase protection against infection and promote antiviral immunity. In fact, vitamin D supplementation among Mongolian school children reduced the risk for acute respiratory diseases (24). Moreover, low vitamin D levels have long been associated with the susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and vitamin D was once used to treat such infections before the development of antibiotics (25). It is unclear if vitamin D deficiencies are common in children from developing countries and if those deficiencies would affect RV vaccine seroconversion; however, in light of the study in Mongolian children, further studies addressing the prevalence of vitamin D deficiencies and the mechanisms behind vitamin D-mediated immune cell functioning are clearly warranted.
Malnutrition. Like diarrhea, malnutrition is another substantial contributor to disease and mortality among vulnerable populations. Its three principle constituents include: 1) protein-energy malnutrition (PEM); 2) micronutrient deficiencies; and 3) over-nutrition and xxxxxxx.xxx, xxxi As defined by Atinmo et al, “malnutrition results from the imbalance of nutrients and energy provided to the body (too low) relative to its needs (too high),” but can also be triggered and augmented by the consequences of diarrheal disease.i, ix, xxxii Although all three types of malnutrition together account for more than 50% of deaths among children under age five in developing countries, PEM and micronutrient deficiencies alone—the two forms of undernutrition—contribute to one third of all deaths among children in this age xxxxx.xxx, xxxiii, xxxiv Children affected by malnutrition at an early age become increasingly susceptible to being disadvantaged later on in life. Beginning at conception, a malnourished mother is considered to be at high risk of having a low birth-weight baby, who will be at risk of short-term and long-term morbidity and disability in the future.xxxv Close to 30 million low birth-weight babies are born annually, many as a result of having a malnourished mother.xxxv A severe consequence of maternal malnutrition is the experience of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), which occurs when the mother is unable to gain enough weight during pregnancy and already exhibits short stature and low xxxxxx.xx, xxxvi Consequently, IUGR infants often suffer from increased risk of diarrhea, pneumonia, and recurrent infection due to impaired immune xxxxxxxx.xx Several studies have also indicated mild to severe adversities in terms of physical, mental, and developmental ailments due to acute and chronic malnutrition experienced while in the womb and after xxxxx.xx, v, xxx, xxxii Decreased socioeconomic status, human capital and physiological capital in the future have also shown direct correlations with chronic malnutrition and tend to fall disproportionately on children living in developing countries.xxxvii Chronic malnutrition, or stunting, is characterized by low height-for-age and occurs over long periods of xxxx.xxx, xxxv As a result, the consequences of stunting are often unobserved until later on in life when the repercussions are
Malnutrition. The level of malnutrition will be defined by the use of MNA test.
Malnutrition case management, consideration of underlying illness, Hearth |
Malnutrition. Quantifying the health impact at national and local levels. WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 12. Retrieved from xxx.xxx.xxx/xxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx/xxxxxxxxxxxx/XxxxxxxxxxxxXXX00.xxx
Malnutrition. Retrieved from xxxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition Appendices: