Madagascar. (i) Carrying out of feasibility studies, detailed design, and preparation of environmental and social instruments for critical drought and flood management infrastructure in the southern and eastern parts of the country, namely: (A) investments for a multi- purpose reservoir, and associated water supply, irrigation, access roads, energy, and storage works along the Mandrare river, and human interventions in the southern part; and (B) investments selected as part of a detailed multi-hazard risk assessment in the eastern part.
Madagascar. (i) Provision of technical assistance to develop specific climate-informed social protection programs and their manuals, including strengthening their climate dimension, and carrying out of knowledge sharing activities, and a mechanism for digitalizing Fonds d’Intervention pour le Développement (FID) systems.
Madagascar. By a note dated December 4, 1962, the Min- ister of Foreign Affairs of the Malagasy Re- public informed the American Ambassador of the following (translation): ‘‘No official act specifies, in the agreements with the French Republic, the juridical position of the Mala- gasy Republic with regard to the rights and ob- ligations contracted for Madagascar in the trea- ties, agreements, and conventions signed by France prior to Madagascar’s accession to international sovereignty. In accordance with usage, the Malagasy Republic considers itself implicitly bound by such texts unless it explic- itly denounces them. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs informs the Embassy of the United States of America that, in order to avoid any ambiguity, the Malagasy Republic transmits, as soon as it is in a position to reach an affirma- tive decision on each of the texts in question, a formal declaration in which it declares itself bound by the Treaty, the Agreement or the Convention under consideration.’’ AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Agricultural commodities agreement, with min- utes of negotiation. Signed at Antananarivo August 19, 1981; entered into force August 19, 1981. 33 UST 3139; TIAS 10218. Related agreements: August 12, 1982 (34 UST 2052; TIAS 10479). December 28, 1982 (TIAS 10627; 1581 UNTS 97). July 13, 1983 (35 UST 1550; TIAS 10744; 2006 UNTS 553). March 7, 1984 (TIAS 11046). December 12, 1984 (TIAS 11046). Agricultural commodities agreement. Signed at Antananarivo September 27, 1985; entered into force September 27, 1985. NP
Madagascar. In view of the agreement now in negotia- tion on the questions of Jurisdiction and the postal service in Zanzibar, and on the adjacent coast, His Britannic Majesty’s Government withdraw the protest which they had raised against the introduction of the Customs tariff established at Madagascar after the annexation of that island to France. The Government of the French Republic take note of this Decla- ration.
Madagascar. Madagascar is home to over 23 million people and is one of the poorest countries in the world. The World Bank reports the country’s GNI per capita as US$ 440, placing it in the bottom three percent of all countries [16]. Forty-eight percent of the population lives in severe poverty, while 81% live below the international poverty line of $1.25/day [17]. Similar to other low-income countries, a significant number of people living in Madagascar experience poor health and nutritional outcomes. Thirty-three percent of the population is undernourished [18], with 50% of children under the age of 5 suffering from moderate or severe stunting [17]. This may be due, in part, to heavy reliance on a single crop for subsistence agriculture – rice [19]. Rice is the main food staple in Madagascar, and as such is the most commonly grown crop, with 4,550,649 tonnes produced in 2012 [20]. Often eaten three times a day, rice is responsible for over half of the daily caloric intake for Malagasy people [20]. Meat, however, makes up less than four percent of the total food supply [20]. Mortality in infants and in children under 5 years of age is high at 41 per 1,000 and 58 per 1,000 live births, respectively [17]. Malaria is endemic in Madagascar, with an estimated 1,300,000 malaria cases a year [21]; roughly 58 cases per 1,000 people. Anemia is also a severe health problem, with an estimated population prevalence of 68% [22]. STHs are also common, with the country-wide prevalence estimated at over 50% [23]. With a growing population and an economy largely based on subsistence agriculture, the forests of Madagascar have seen significant losses over the past centuries, with only 10% of its primary vegetation remaining [19,24]. In an effort to increase conservation of native fauna and its habitat, Ranomafana National Park (RNP) was established in 1991 [25]. A 41,000 hectare park located in the southeastern rainforest of Madagascar, RNP was originally established to protect the golden and greater bamboo lemurs [25]. While establishment of the park was important to protect the endemic biodiversity of Madagascar, it has been predicted that the people who live near the Park’s border and are used to harvesting natural resources from the rainforest will suffer from a diminished standard of living [26]. There has been only one previous publication documenting the prevalence of STHs in the population living adjacent to RNP. The study was performed over a two-year period, from 1990- 1992, ...
Madagascar. The Republic of Madagascar is the fourth largest island located off of the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The majority of its 22,005,222 people live in rural areas (71%) and earn their living fishing, farming, and herding zebu cattle[34]. It’s been estimated that roughly 90% of the country’s native vegetation has been burnt down due to the slash and burn technique used to clear brush and forest for crop production[7, 35]. This level of deforestation and subsequent erosion pose major threats to Madagascar’s rich biodiversity of the forests, including influencing forces on that of its population’s health and economy. With 50% of its population living below the poverty line, access to health care poses a serious challenge [36]. The most common causes of morbidity and mortality in Madagascar include lower respiratory infection, malaria, and diarrhea, accounting for 51% of deaths among children under the age of 5[34, 36]. It’s been estimated that the number of child deaths (under 5 years of age) is approximately 93,000 [24]. Life expectancy at birth is 66 years and the annual number of under-5 deaths is estimated at 44,000[37]. 41% of the total population use improved drinking water sources (rural-29%, urban-71%), while only 11% of the total population use improved sanitation facilities (rural-10%, urban-15%)[37]. According to the 2003-2004 Demographic Household Survey, 10% of children under five had one or more episodes of diarrhea in two weeks preceding the survey[36]. Despite the substantial burden of diarrheal disease on the Malagasy, very little research has been conducted to quantify incidence or understand the risk factors and etiology of this disease. Ranomafana The population health for the site of the current study, Ranomafana National Park, has been the site for health investigations previously. In 1995, Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. found ascariasis and trichuriasis to be common in 18 rural rainforest villages where conditions conducive to transmission and persistence, such as inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene, lack of footwear humid tropical climate, inaccessible health care, and poverty were evident[8]. The girls were observed to have higher egg and worm counts, and significantly higher prevalence and mean worm burdens than the boys. Children were generally more heavily infected, which was most likely due to increased exposure to infective eggs[8]. In both scenarios distinct gender role difference and age specific behaviors played a role. In 199...
Madagascar. The Fisheries Monitoring Centre (in French: Centre de Surveillance des Pêches - CSP), under the supervision of the Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy (in French: Ministère de la Pêche et de l’Economie Bleue).
