LABOUR MARKET. ART. 13.
LABOUR MARKET. Basic description Together with this newly conceived support for business, a sufficient high-quality, qualified, flexible, and healthy workforce must be ensured. Such a workforce shall, based on the demand of businesses, but also on specific requirements of the public sector, be provided by a flexible labour market working in a modern manner. The economy of the Czech Republic is small and open, and therefore evolves depending on the global development of the global economy. The situation in the economy is quickly reflected in the labour market. The Czech Republic has a high share of employment in manufacturing, which has a very export and cyclical nature, and is therefore heavily influenced by economic status in the EU, a target of over 80% of Czech exports. A more significant change in the structure of the economy (thus also the employment structure) towards an economy based on knowledge, research and development, and sophisticated services, require a long-term horizon. The current necessary measures to reduce the deficit of public budgets do not provide the economy with sufficient development incentives. Most businesses in the current situation do not have significantly growing volumes of orders, and therefore continue the policy of reducing their costs, rationalizing the organization of work, while new jobs are created only in a limited extent. The labour market is dominated by labour supply over demand for it. The long-term unemployment is rising, there is a risk of changes in the nature of unemployment to the mainly structural unemployment, whose resolution will be difficult and costly. The situation in the labour market in the event of an extended economic instability will be strongly dependent on appropriate government interventions and the results of applied reforms. The Czech Republic is also characterized by relatively low geographical mobility of the manpower, which is reflected in the low willingness to migrate or commute to work. It is an aspect subject to a number of factors – inflexible housing market, tradition of sedentary lifestyle, underdeveloped segment of the market services and economic reasons, where the profit of distant employment does not compensate for increased costs, and the motivation to change the place of residence for a better access to employment is not sufficient. In relation to the rural development, the long-term comparison shows that the applicants in rural areas make up about a quarter of all applicants, but job vacan...
LABOUR MARKET. The eligible area is characterised by higher unemployment rates re- lative to the national average. In Hungary the situation is clearly more disadvantageous in the South than in the North. The Hunga- rian economy was characterised by full employment during the for- mer regime. After the collapse of communism, some areas of Hun- xxxx managed to recover. However, revival in the eligible Hungarian counties has been minor. As the figures below illustrate, the labour market situation improved from 1995 to 2000, but then deteriorated again towards 2005.
LABOUR MARKET. In total the area involved in this Programme shows a level of em- ployment of 52%, while unemployment is almost 12%. This area has a higher concentration of employment in the service xxxxxx (00%0 and in industry (27.7%). Agriculture, with 12.3% employment repre- sents an extremely low level when compared to the national average, where the only exception are the Greek and Italian regions. Data of the labour market within this Programme shows drastic dif- ferences between disciplines which in some cases differ substantially from the national average. The highest level of employment, for the purposes of this Progra- mme, is in the Slovenian territories (61%) followed by the Italian Države kandidatkinje i potencijalne kandidatkinje, usprkos velikim poteškoćama i neizvjesnostima u ukupnom gospodarskom kontek- stu, pokazale su značajan rast BDP-a u 2004., koji se kretao od 9,3% u Srbiji do 2,4% u Crnoj Gori. U ovim se područjima rast BDP-a umnogome održao pomoću iseljeničkih doznaka iz inozemstva, koje su održale razinu neto transfera u države potencijalne kandidatkinje. Analiza strukture sektora gospodarstva vrlo jasno pokazuje da se relativna važnost različitih sektora u osnovi prebacila na uslužni sektor, posebice na Krfu i u Thesprotiji, slovenskim regijama i tali- janskim jadranskim regijama, što za 70% – 84% pridonosi ukupnoj dodanoj vrijednosti. U državama kandidatkinjama i potencijalnim kandidatkinjama stu- panj ove promjene xx xxxxx značajan, a poljoprivredni sektor xxx uvijek donosi prilično velik dio dodane vrijednosti. Albanija, posebi- ce, ima najveći poljoprivredni BDP u usporedbi s drugim sektorima gospodarstva, iako se i xxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx (x 0000. je iznosio gotovo 50% BDP-a). Industrijski je sektor nesumnjivo doživio najozbiljniji zastoj tijekom građanskih ratova i društvenih i gospodarskih kriza, što je rezulti- ralo uništenjem infrastrukture i prekidom glavnih proizvodnih dje- latnosti, posebice u industrijskom i rudarskom sektoru, potaknuvši pomak proizvodnih djelatnosti na poljoprivredni sektor i trgovinu, također iz razloga održanja. Od 2000. bilježi xx xxxxx oporavak sek- tora industrije i građevine (Bosna i Hercegovina i Albanija), koji xx xxx uvijek u središtu glavnih investicijskih programa, te proizvodnog i uslužnog sektora (Hrvatska). Veliku važnost u uslužnom sektoru imaju turizam i financijske usluge, koji se neprekidno šire, naročito u Hrvatskoj i Albaniji; u skoroj budućnosti turizam će vjerojatno biti važno financijsko sred...
LABOUR MARKET. In response to the Coronavirus outbreak the authorities undertook a set of measures to mitigate the impact on the labour market. These measures consist of the following: increased legislated flexibility in terms of working time: employers are allowed to modify the working schedule of their personnel by decreasing their working hours up to 50%. In addition, following the closure of schools, a special parental leave is provided for working parents with children below 15 years of age, funded partially by the state (25%); the temporary prohibition for employers to carry out dismissals, combined with a special lump-sum wage allowance of €800 and full coverage of social security contributions (for the period 1 March – 30 April) for employees of companies closed by public order, employees subject to a temporary contract suspension from their employers, and self-employed and individual enterprises (which employ up to 5 persons) affected from the outbreak. This measure concerns up to 1.7 million private sector employees and 500,000 self-employed. the prolongation of unemployment benefits, initially by two months for those beneficiaries whose benefits expired during the first three months of the year 2020. In total, in March 2020 there have been 42,000 net dismissals/job losses. This is much higher compared to March 2019 were there were 43,373 net hirings recorded and it is mainly due to 50% lower hirings compared to March 2019 (103,002 vs 202,157). Furthermore, 25.4% of dependent employment (i.e. more than 1 million employees) have been suspended. The percentages of suspended workers are the highest in the sectors of accommodation (94.2%), sports (90.2%), education (89.9%), catering (89.6%), gambling (87%) and provision of personal services (75.2%). To mitigate this trend, in addition to the measures already taken and the special wage allowance, the authorities are considering to implement a new temporary short-time work scheme, covering manufacturing, transport, tourism and food services, and providing considerable flexibility to companies for adjusting working hours whilst workers receive partial compensation for the hours not worked. The details have yet to be finalised but the compensation rate will be on the basis of a pro-rated percentage of wages paid directly to the workers involved. There will be a requirement for firms benefiting from this scheme to maintain employment post-crisis. The authorities will consider whether this scheme can be continued further...
LABOUR MARKET. Table 03: Employment and Unemployment rate Unemployment rate in 2005 (HR) and 2006 (B&H). Employment rate in 2005(HR) and 2006 (B&H). B&H programming area 36.57 % 36,06% B&H 41 % 49,06 % Croatian programming area 21.5% 50.5% Croatia – total 16.6% 54.9% EU 25 9.0% 62.8% Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics, 2005. and Unemployment Bureau BiH, 2006. As shown in the table above, the Croatian side of the programming area (except Dubrovačko-neretvanska County) has significantly hi- gher unemployment rates than the national average. Employment rates in all counties are also below the national average. Those figu- res reflect the economic backwardness, the dependence on public sector employment and the lack of entrepreneurial initiative. The regional distribution of unemployment is very uneven, with the highest unemployment rates in rural micro regions where it often causes serious social problems. Unemployment is most frequent among unskilled workers, the el- xxxxx, the youth and women. In some counties (Sisačko-moslavačka and Splitsko-dalmatinska), there is a significant number of unem- ployed people with university degrees. In B&H the employment structure changed a great deal due to struc- tural reforms leading to the collapse of big traditional employers. Another important factor is the peripherality or rurality of most of the region. The remote location of the border region from the centre and bigger cities makes it relatively unattractive for FDI. The em- ployment rate in the service sector is very weak and almost half of employed people are in the public sector. The highest unemployment rate is recorded among people aged 31-50 years, who represented 45.13% of the total number of unemployed persons in 2006. The percentage for the age group from 18-30 years, is 41.36% in the same year. This is one of the most important reasons for the exodus of many young people from this area.
LABOUR MARKET. Labour The authorities committed to safeguard competitiveness, as a continuous commitment, when carrying out an annual update of the minimum wage, based on the ex post assessment of the recent increase in the minimum wage by the World Bank and mindful of the requirement of the Greek legislation to also safeguard purchasing power. The ex post assessment of the 10.9% increase of the minimum wage as well as of the abolition of the sub-minimum wage for youth, which took place in February 2019, is now under preparation with the technical support of the World Bank provided through the European Commission and the report will be completed by end-March. The launch of the consultation process with the social partners and all relevant stakeholders for the next update as prescribed by the Law 4172/2013 took place on 15 February 2020. Following this consultation and a report with recommendations by a committee of independent experts specifically appointed for this purpose, the government shall determine the new level of the minimum wage. The law posits that this should be based on a sound economic analysis taking into account the state of the economy, the growth rate, productivity, prices, competitiveness, employment, unemployment, incomes and wages as well as the findings of the ex post evaluation of the previous increase. The procedure is expected to be concluded in June of 2020 with the issuance of a ministerial decision establishing the new level of the minimum wage. The authorities have completed the implementation of the 2017-2019 action plan to fight undeclared work, an end-2019 specific commitment, and are now in the process of preparing a follow up. The 2017-2019 action plan promoted an integrated approach to undeclared work, including measures to reinforce the cooperation among different institutions and improve the capacity to detect undeclared work. The authorities are now designing a follow-up to it. In January 2020, the fines for undeclared work were revised based on the following criteria: (i) the gravity of the infringement; (ii) the number of employees; (iii) the repeated penalties for similar infringements; (iv) the number of workers affected; and (v) the size the business. The new fines range from €300 for small offences in firms with 1 to 10 employees to €8 000 for very high offenses in firms with more than 250 employees. The authorities are preparing for the first time a code of ethics for inspection as well as training and education of inspectors ...
LABOUR MARKET. In general, the labour market in the Bulgarian border area is more favourable compared to the country as a whole, although featured by the same low level of employment of the population; low wages; and low mobility of the labour force. The relative share of the active population among the number of inhabitants in the border area is 53% in Blagoevgrad District and 48.3% in Kyustendil District, following an upward trend. The number of employed in the region accounts for 6.9% of those employed nationally with employment rate in District of Blagoevgrad - 50.9 % and District of Kyustendil – 42.3 % (43.7% national average). The unemployment level is still high (4% - in Blagoevgrad District and 12.4 % in Kyustendil District) although it is lower than the national average (12.0%). A negative tendency exists for long-term unemployment in the region (44%) as well as relatively high level of the young people being unemployed (25.9%). Employment rate, % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50,9 42,3 43,2 39,1 27,0 Activity rate, % 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 65,3 59,3 53,0 48,3 52,2 Unemployment rate, % 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 48,6 34,4 34,5 12,4 4,0 District of Blagoevgrad District of Blagoevgrad District of Blagoevgrad District of Kyustendil District of Kyustendil District of Kyustendil Northeast Region (fYRoM) Northeast Region (fYRoM) Northeast Region (fYRoM) Southeast Region (fYRoM) Southeast Region (fYRoM) Southeast Region (fYRoM) East Region (fYRoM) East Region (fYRoM) East Region (fYRoM) The total number of unemployed in the fYRoM in March 2004 is 395 thous. people, out of which 261 thousand live in the towns and 134 thousand in the villages. The total registered number of unemployed people in the border region is nearly 90 thousand (23% of the total), from which 52 thousand live in the towns and 37 thousand - in the villages. The number of unemployed women is around 38 thousand. The regions in the border area have unemployment rate respectively 48.6 % in Northeast region, 34.4 % in Southeast region and 34.5 % in East region, while the national average unemployment rate is 38.1%. Rate of employment by sectors is respectively 37% (services), 41% (industry) and 22% (agriculture). The industrial sector is the most dominant in the East region, covering 49% of people in employment in the region, much more than any other region. This is also region with equal rates of unemployment of man and woman. District of Blagoevgr ad District of Kyustendil Northeast Regi...
