Toxins. Toxic chemicals released into the environment from activities such as mining, agriculture, mosquito abatement, and chemical controls can have lethal and sublethal effects on amphibians (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxx and Xxxxx 1992; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2001). No data have been reported on the relationship between agricultural toxins/mosquito abatement and amphibians in Nevada, but this relationship remains a potential threat. Toxins released as a result of mining activities are discussed above. The effects on Columbia spotted frogs of toxins released as a result of non-native trout stream treatment require further study. Xxxx-breathing tadpoles are most likely to be negatively affected (e.g., killed outright), but the effects of rotenone on frogs and other wet-skinned, cutaneous breathing amphibians need further study and should be regarded as potential threats to Columbia spotted frogs (Xxxxxxxx 1982; Fontenet et al. 1994; XxXxxx and Xxxxxxx 1996).
Toxins. Animal toxins are typically small molecules found, for example, on the skin surface of some amphibians as secretions. The origin of these toxins is not always known, but in at least some cases, are not synthesised by the toxic animal itself, but by some organism in its diet (such as a plant or microorganism). Several species of amphibians and fishes produce the small molecule neurotoxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) or bufagenin (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2015). The presence of these toxins serves for protection against predators. Some snakes preying on toxic amphibians have evolved resistance to these toxins (Figure 1 (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2016). Prey and predator interaction against TTX is one of the examples often cited of an evolutionary arms race (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx et al., 2016). Interestingly, in this example, both prey (Taricha granulosa) and predator (Thamnophis sirtalis) have developed resistance to TTX (Xxxxxx, 1990; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2005; XxXxxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx et al., 2015; Xxxxxxxxx, Xx, Xxxxxxx et al., 2005). The physiological action of TTX is to block the function of the sodium channel in neurons (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1974; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 1997b). Bufagenin inhibits the activity of cardiac muscle Na+/K+- ATPase (Xxxxxx et al., 2015). Resistance to bufagenin in some snakes, lizards and mammals is attributed to a mutation in the ATP1a3 gene coding for Na+/K+-ATPase (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxx et al., 2017c; Xxxxxx et al., 2015).
Toxins. Any load of corn that tests positive for microtoxins or other toxins will be rejected. However, it is agreed that MFC is responsible only to use “black light” testing to determine the existence of such toxins. If HWE desires additional testing, it shall give written notice to MFC and HWE shall pay all costs of such additional testing. This discount schedule is subject to change as market conditions dictate providing both MFC and HWE mutually agree to any change in writing.
Toxins. Hemolysins are common virulence determinants present in many pathogenic organisms. P. mirablis encodes two, hpmA and hpmB, and the expression of both is associated with swarmer cells (64, 65). Clinical isolates have higher hemolytic activity than environmental isolates, and hpmA mutants are less cytotoxic against human renal cells (2, 66, 67). Hemolysin was once thought to be a factor in bacterial spread to the kidneys leading to pyelonephritis during ascending UTI (68). Surprisingly hpmA mutants are not significantly impaired in their ability to colonize the urinary tracts of mice unless flagella are not present (69), and hemolysin expression is not upregulated in vivo (52). Proteus toxic agglutinin (Pta) is a multi-functional outer membrane auto- transporter that mediates P. mirabilis cell-to-cell aggregation and contains a catalytically active α-protease domain that lyses uroepithelial cells (58, 70). Inactivation of pta results in reduced cytotoxicity and colonization of the murine urinary tract by P. mirabilis (70, 71). Interestingly, hpmA pta double mutants have reduced pathology compared to each mutation alone, possibly indicating an additive effect of both proteins on uroepithelial cell lysis (71). This could explain why loss of hpmA does not significantly affect urinary tract colonization.
iii. Persistence within the Urinary Tract
A. IgA Degrading Protease
Toxins. Landlord warrants the Building and property contain no toxins, in particular asbestos and PCB’s. • AIR QUALITY: Landlord warrants the Building meets all generally accepted indoor air quality guidelines and standards for an office environment. Landlord agrees to conduct an annual air quality survey in conformance with the above standards upon Tenant’s written request.
Toxins. Microbial, Plant, Animal Poisonous substances produced by plants, living organisms or animals. Tissue & organ damage or death. Plants – Ricin Animals – fish / Reptile venom Microbials – Staphyloccus, Tetanus Parent/Legal Guardian signature: _ Date:
Toxins. The premises which the Lessee is leasing may have materials which contain or are affected by mold, mildew, fungus, spores and chemicals. The construction products used in building the Premises may contain, among others, some of the following chemicals in measurable amounts:
(a) Water (contains or allows growth of molds, mildew and fungus); (b) Formaldehyde (e.g., in carpeting and pressed wood products); (c) Arsenic (e.g., in treated wood products); (d) Fiberglass (e.g., in insulation products); (e) Petroleum and petroleum products (e.g., in vinyl and plastic products); and (f) Methylene Chloride (e.g., in paint thinner). Leaks, wet flooring and moisture will contribute to the growth of molds, mildew, fungus or spores. The Lessee understands and agrees that the Lessor is not responsible, and hereby disclaims any responsibility for any illness or allergic reactions which the Lessee may experience as a result of mold, mildew, fungus or spores. The Lessee understands and agrees that the Lessor is not responsible for damage caused by mold or by other similar or related matter, that may be associated with defects in construction or occupancy of the Premises, including, but not limited to, property damage, personal injury, loss of income, emotional distress, illness, adverse health effects, death, loss of use, loss of value, or any other incidental or consequential damages arising out or related to mold, or similar related matter. It is the Lessee's responsibility to keep the Premises clean, dry, well ventilated and free of contamination.
Toxins. Toxic chemicals released into the environment from activities such as mining, agriculture, mosquito abatement, and herbicide or pesticide application can have lethal and sublethal effects on amphibians (Xxxxxx 1991; Xxxx and Xxxxx 1992; Xxxxxxxx et al. 2001). No data have been reported on the relationship between agricultural toxins/mosquito abatement and amphibians in Nevada, but it remains a potential threat. The effects on spotted frogs of toxins released as a result of non-native trout stream treatment require further study. Xxxx-breathing tadpoles are most likely to be negatively affected (e.g., killed outright), but the effects of rotenone on frogs and other wet-skinned, cutaneous breathing amphibians need further study and should be regarded as a potential threat to spotted frog populations (Xxxxxxxx 1982; Xxxxxxxx et al. 1994; XxXxxx and Bettoli 1996).
Toxins. While biological toxins are not “alive” and do not self-replicate, toxin-contaminated materials require treatment before re-use or disposal. There is no one protocol that is suitable for all biological toxins; each toxin must be assessed for appropriate destruction methods.
9.2 Waste management and disposal
9.2.1 What is biohazardous waste? Biohazardous waste can be considered any material to be discarded that has been contaminated by biohazardous materials. This includes but is not limited to disposable labware, needles, blades, disposable bench cover, and animal carcasses. Reusable materials such as culture flasks and lab coats are not considered “waste” as they are not to be discarded but rather are decontaminated for reuse.
9.2.2 Regulations and guidelines Hazardous waste is managed by the province as an environmental initiative. Biohazardous waste may appear in government documents under several names – “pathological waste”, “biomedical waste”, or “biohazardous waste”. Pathological waste is defined in R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 347: General - Waste Management of the Ontario Environmental Protection Act, as,
a) any part of the human body, including tissues and bodily fluids, but excluding fluids, extracted teeth, hair, nail clippings and the like, that are not infectious,
b) any part of the carcass of an animal infected with a communicable disease or suspected by a licensed veterinary practitioner to be infected with a communicable disease,
c) non-anatomical waste infected with communicable disease,
d) a mixture of a waste referred to in clause (a), (b) or (c) and any other waste or material, or
e) a waste derived from a waste referred to in clause (a), (b) or (c), unless the waste that is derived from the waste referred to in clause (a), (b) or (c) is produced in accordance with a certificate of approval that states that, in the opinion of the Section 39 Director, the waste that is produced in accordance with the certificate of approval does not have characteristics similar to the characteristics of pathological waste referred to in clause (a), (b) or (c). The Ontario government also has issued Guideline C-4, The Management of Biomedical Waste in Ontario. At the University, this guideline pertains to the veterinary teaching facility and the associated veterinary research laboratories and mobile clinics. The wastes covered by this guideline are those contaminated with primarily Risk Group 3 and 4 organisms. It also pertains to wastes generated from human health...
