CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Statement of the Problem According to the most recent statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, there are an estimated 230,480 new cases of breast cancer that occur each year with an estimated 57,650 deaths that occur in the United States (American Cancer Society, 2012). Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women of all races, preceded only by lung cancer. However, with the promotion of early detection and advancement in treatment, breast cancer survival rates, within all races, are as high as 98% for localized disease (American Cancer Society, 2012). Unfortunately, ethnic differences exist in the experience of African-American and Caucasian women diagnosed with breast cancer. Racial disparities in breast cancer survival rates exist across racial and ethnic groups. According to data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), the age adjusted incidence rates from 1975-2005 for Caucasian women was 128.6 cases per 100,000, 113.3 for African- American women, 97.2 among Hispanic women, and 58.0 in American Indian/Alaskan Natives (Xxxx, et al., 2007). Over the years, breast cancer incidence rates have decreased in Caucasian and African-American women. However, a bigger decline in incidence has been seen in Caucasian women with an average annual percent decrease of 3.2% from 2001-2005 versus only an annual 0.5% decrease in African-American women (Xxxx et al., 2007). Greater improvements in survival and outcomes have been seen in Caucasian women than in African-American women. Although Caucasian women have the highest incidence of breast cancer, they also have high survival rates as well. The average five- year survival rate for localized breast cancer in Caucasian women is 99.3%, followed by African-American women with a survival rate of 92.6% for localized disease (American Cancer Society, 2012). In fact, Caucasian women have better survival rates at all stages of breast cancer diagnosis at 84.2%, 24.9%, 52% for regional, distant, and un-staged diagnosis, respectively (American Cancer Society, 2012). Yet, African-Americans experience significantly lower survival rates of 72.1%, 15%, and 45.2% respectively for regional, distant, and un-staged breast cancers. In addition, African-American women have a decreased likelihood of surviving five years after diagnosis at all stages of breast cancer when compared to Caucasian women (American Cancer Society, 2011). Early detection and improving treatment options have i...
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Research Background 1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The Feather River watershed includes 3,222 square miles of land base that drains west from the Great Basin Escarpment of the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade mountains into the Sacramento River. The Feather River is unique in that the North and Middle Forks bisect the crest of the Sierra. Elevations range from 2,250 to over 10,000 feet. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 12” on the eastside, to more than 70” on the western slopes. Vegetation ranges from sage and eastside pine in the east, to mixed conifer and deciduous forests in the west. Water produced from the Feather River provides over 4,000 MW of hydroelectric power, and represents a significant component of the State Water Project, annually providing 3.2 million acre-feet for urban, industrial, and agricultural consumers downstream. This monitoring report covers a portion of the upper Feather River watershed: from the North Fork headwater areas down to the confluence of the North Fork Feather with the East Branch North Fork Feather; all of the East Branch North Fork Feather River; and from the Middle Fork headwater areas down to Xxxxxx Point (see Figure 1). National Forest lands cover a significant part of the upper Feather River watershed. Public, as well as private forestlands, contribute to a timber-based local economy in the upper Feather. Cattle ranching is another important economic activity, and is conducted primarily in active or terraced floodplains on both public and private land. There is also light industry in the area, and roughly 25,000 residents. The upper Feather River watershed also provides habitat to numerous species that are federally Endangered or Threatened, as well as other species of special concern. The Feather River has been impacted by 140 years of intense human use, including mining, grazing, timber harvesting, railroads and roads. Wildfires have also had an impact on the watershed. Intense use and natural processes have led to a watershed-wide problem of channel entrenchment. Five-hundred square miles of alluvial systems in the headwaters areas are particularly impacted by entrenchment. Functionally, this has led to higher peak winter flows, and lower summer flows, which, in turn affects water quality, aquatic and riparian habitats, productivity of adjacent lands, and downstream beneficial uses.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. A. The Background of the Problem In Indonesia based on the current curriculumKurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) 2006, the student are not only expected to be able to communicate both in written and oral language, fluently and accurately, but also expected to understand some kinds of functional written texts. Based on curriculum in junior high school will get many reading texts in examination. Therefore, the ability in reading plays a significant rule for them to gain success in the school test1. In studying English, there are four skills to be learned, they are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Among of them, reading is considered as the important skills. Reading is used to acquire information and ideas. The students get it based on the text that they have read. The students did not know information and ideas before reading. After the students read, they will get information and ideas. And they can share with others and receive feedback about their thought and ideas. Therefore it takes the reader out of the book and encourages them to make connection, draw conclusion, summarizes thought, and ask questions with other.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Context of Project The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 6 is dedicated to water and sanitation, with target 6.2 focused on ending open defecation, and ensuring that all populations are able to gain access to “adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene” by 2030 (UN, 2016). Established by the UN to monitor the progress of the Millennium Development Goal (which preceded the SDGs) on water and sanitation (Goal 7), the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation led by World Health Organization and UNICEF estimates that as of 2012, 14% of the world population defecates in the open due to lack of access to sanitation facilities (WHO & UNICEF, 2014). Open defecation, or lack of proper sanitation, can lead to waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, polio, and other febrile illnesses (WHO, 2015). Efforts to improve sanitation and reduce open defecation in some regions of the world have resulted in steady and dramatic declines. For example, South Asia decreased its rates of open defecation from 65% to 38% between 1990 and 2012 (WHO & UNICEF, 2014). Despite global improvements, countries such as Côte d’Ivoire have only experienced moderate progress, with their overall prevalence of open defecation dropping from 36% to 28% between 1990 and 2015 (WHO & UNICEF, 2015). Unfortunately, the rate of open defecation has remained relatively high and unchanged in rural parts of Côte d’Ivoire; over the last 25 years, the prevalence of open defecation there has decreased from 56% in 1990 to 51% in 2015. Additionally, the coverage of improved sanitation facilities in Côte d’Ivoire has marginally increased from 7% to 10% in rural areas and from 15% to 22% for the whole country during the same period (WHO & UNICEF, 2015). Since 2008, MAP International-Côte d’Ivoire (MAP-CI) has implemented Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) as a means of addressing the lack of proper sanitation facilities in rural areas of the country. CLTS was created by Xxxxx Xxx in 1999 during an evaluation of the water and sanitation program by WaterAid Bangladesh and Village Education Resource (Xxxx, 2008). Kar and his evaluation team used participatory rural appraisal, an approach that integrates the opinions of rural residents in the management of projects to comprehend the relationship between poverty, open defecation and latrine usage (Xxxx, 2008; Kar & Pasteur, 2005). According to Xxx, the findings demonstrated that toilet subsidies were not always su...
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Background of the Research..................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem of the Research........................................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of the Reserach......................................................................... 4 1.4 Operational Definition in Terms............................................................... 4 1.5 Significances of The Research.................................................................. 5 1.6 The Scope of the Research........................................................................ 6
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. A. Background of the Problem Willingness to communicate (WTC) has been a hotly debated subject among language acquisition experts. XxXxxxxxx and Xxxx (1985) first mentioned it when discussing communication in L1. WTC was later modified to the L2 scenario by XxxXxxxxx and Xxxxxx (1996). WTC is defined by XxXxxxxxx and Richmond (1990) as an individual's proclivity to initiate communication when given the opportunity. That is, language learners who are willing to communicate in their second language proactively look for opportunities to do so, and they do so. WTC, according to XxXxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx (1990), functions as a personality characteristic, exhibiting consistent individual variations across diverse communication circumstances and types of recipients. This means that while circumstantial variables may alter one's willingness to communicate, every individual has consistent WTC preferences across communication settings. In 2013 educational plan, Junior School students ought to be an independent student. Even if English has been instructed from kindergarten up to higher educational establishments, however indeed, when the teacher gave a chance to communicate in English to the students, some of them decide to make speak up and others decide to quiet. A few of the students can't communicate in English, a few of the students are choose not to communicate in English, and afterward the majority of them are avoid to communicate in English. In the event that the language classroom doesn't take into consideration collaboration, students can't be relied upon to increase the oral abilities needed for effective communication. Even after learning a language for a long time, numerous students are shy, afraid, and not willing to communicate in English (Xxxxxxx, 2014). We are able to identify the unwillingness and willingness of the students by the responses they show or they do during communicate with us. The two major things we can identify if the student is unwilling to communicate are they are shy or feeling uneasy to give a response and stay quite. (M Pakpahan, 2019) The language issue was still one of the factors that impacted the participants' unwillingness to communicate more often than in English on school at times. Students were mostly hesitant to talk in English more frequently since she occasionally struggled with proper grammatical usage (still have a lack of English grammatical understanding), a lack of vocabulary, mispronouncing some English terms, and o...
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. A. Background ....................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The state practice of India in contemporary world affairs and international law is one of the best means to evaluate and understand India’s current and future policy and practical position on various issues which directly or indirectly impact its stature as a growing global and regional power. Countries like the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Australia, Japan and the Netherlands provide, on a regular basis, updates on views and practices of their governments in public international law, through official documents as well as by writings of leading scholars of international law. This research study attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of actions of the Indian state by its executive, legislative and judicial organs in select areas of international law. These are law of the sea, refugee law, human rights, international environmental law and climate change, disarmament (a case study of weapons of mass destruction), international institutional law (UN reforms and G-20) and peaceful settlement of international disputes (a case study of the International Court of Justice - ICJ). The study begins by examining the growth and development of international law in pre- independence India from 1500 to 1945. By examining the pre-independence state practice, the thesis seeks to enrich the existing knowledge base of the Indian state practice in international law. It shows how India has been contributing to the making of international law in line with its emerging status as a global and regional power. The study aims to enable readers to anticipate how a country like India will respond to major developments in international law. Besides it brings out reactions of other states to the Indian state practice. The study enables us to understand how the judiciary and civil society institutions have accepted or rejected the Indian practice and how have their voices constrained or prompted the country. The study further helps us to evaluate the instruments of secondary sources and hard evidence of state practice to establish the existence of international obligations. This chapter provides a theoretical analysis of state practice as an integral element of customary international law, examines India’s search for making of an international law, India’s views on fundamental definitions of international law and provisions of the Constitution of India which governs Indian state practice at international level.
