CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The Background of the Problem
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The state practice of India in contemporary world affairs and international law is one of the best means to evaluate and understand India’s current and future policy and practical position on various issues which directly or indirectly impact its stature as a growing global and regional power. Countries like the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Australia, Japan and the Netherlands provide, on a regular basis, updates on views and practices of their governments in public international law, through official documents as well as by writings of leading scholars of international law. This research study attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of actions of the Indian state by its executive, legislative and judicial organs in select areas of international law. These are law of the sea, refugee law, human rights, international environmental law and climate change, disarmament (a case study of weapons of mass destruction), international institutional law (UN reforms and G-20) and peaceful settlement of international disputes (a case study of the International Court of Justice - ICJ). The study begins by examining the growth and development of international law in pre- independence India from 1500 to 1945. By examining the pre-independence state practice, the thesis seeks to enrich the existing knowledge base of the Indian state practice in international law. It shows how India has been contributing to the making of international law in line with its emerging status as a global and regional power. The study aims to enable readers to anticipate how a country like India will respond to major developments in international law. Besides it brings out reactions of other states to the Indian state practice. The study enables us to understand how the judiciary and civil society institutions have accepted or rejected the Indian practice and how have their voices constrained or prompted the country. The study further helps us to evaluate the instruments of secondary sources and hard evidence of state practice to establish the existence of international obligations. This chapter provides a theoretical analysis of state practice as an integral element of customary international law, examines India’s search for making of an international law, India’s views on fundamental definitions of international law and provisions of the Constitution of India which governs Indian state practice at international level.
1.1. State practice an essential elemen...
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Background ....................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Research Background 1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Background of the Research..................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem of the Research........................................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of the Reserach......................................................................... 4 1.4 Operational Definition in Terms............................................................... 4 1.5 Significances of The Research.................................................................. 5 1.6 The Scope of the Research........................................................................ 6
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Context of Project Problem Statement Purpose of Project Definition of Terms
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The Feather River watershed includes 3,222 square miles of land base that drains west from the Great Basin Escarpment of the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade mountains into the Sacramento River. The Feather River is unique in that the North and Middle Forks bisect the crest of the Sierra. Elevations range from 2,250 to over 10,000 feet. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 12” on the eastside, to more than 70” on the western slopes. Vegetation ranges from sage and eastside pine in the east, to mixed conifer and deciduous forests in the west. Water produced from the Feather River provides over 4,000 MW of hydroelectric power, and represents a significant component of the State Water Project, annually providing 3.2 million acre-feet for urban, industrial, and agricultural consumers downstream. This monitoring report covers a portion of the upper Feather River watershed: from the North Fork headwater areas down to the confluence of the North Fork Feather with the East Branch North Fork Feather; all of the East Branch North Fork Feather River; and from the Middle Fork headwater areas down to Xxxxxx Point (see Figure 1). National Forest lands cover a significant part of the upper Feather River watershed. Public, as well as private forestlands, contribute to a timber-based local economy in the upper Feather. Cattle ranching is another important economic activity, and is conducted primarily in active or terraced floodplains on both public and private land. There is also light industry in the area, and roughly 25,000 residents. The upper Feather River watershed also provides habitat to numerous species that are federally Endangered or Threatened, as well as other species of special concern. The Feather River has been impacted by 140 years of intense human use, including mining, grazing, timber harvesting, railroads and roads. Wildfires have also had an impact on the watershed. Intense use and natural processes have led to a watershed-wide problem of channel entrenchment. Five-hundred square miles of alluvial systems in the headwaters areas are particularly impacted by entrenchment. Functionally, this has led to higher peak winter flows, and lower summer flows, which, in turn affects water quality, aquatic and riparian habitats, productivity of adjacent lands, and downstream beneficial uses.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Statement of the Problem
