Concluding discussion Sample Clauses

Concluding discussion. In conclusion, we have discussed the scaling behavior of SPDC emission as a function of the thickness L of the generating crystal. We have found that the photon yield scales as 1/L if the detection angle and bandwidth are matched to the SPDC emission. A quantitative comparison of our source, with a measured coincidence rate of 775 s−1mW−1 at V45◦ = 96%, with existing sources reported in the literature (aperture and fiber-coupled), demonstrates that the use of thinner down-conversion crystals indeed yields considerably higher photon rates than thicker crystals. How far can we go with the proposed scaling? If the yield continues to scale like 1/L an infinitely thin crystal would give an infinitely strong signal. The ultimate limitation is that the angular widths of the SPDC rings should be smaller than their radii to allow a discussion in × 4.1) has to be accommodated. In this respect, the studied BBO thickness of 0.25 mm might well be close to the optimum.
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. Compliance of a voluntary agreement like Eko-energy, where no enforcement mechanism are incorporated, comes down to the parties’ self-interests and how these are reflected in the agreement objectives. (Xxxxxx 1981 p.445) The agreement objectives that were accomplished by Södra reflect the management’s interest in an improved environmental profile and the middle managers interest in an energy audits. Concerning the more short- term technical changes, the energy efficiency measures implemented mirrored the financial situation and the structure of the older procurement routines. Södra ignored the commitment to establish a plan for further implementation energy efficiency measures, as suggested in the audit report. Two reasons were given. Firstly, the measures not implemented required a longer pay-back time than Södra could accept. Secondly, the measures were given low priority, especially in the pulp xxxxx, as they were considered marginal by company decision-makers. The Eko-energy program did not change Södra and its production process considerably to become more energy efficient. Still, the program strengthened a change in attitudes and routines that in the long run might contribute to a higher degree of energy efficiency. For instance, the change of procurement and investment procedures and establishment of energy planning goals were more than anything a mechanism of a change of staff attitudes towards energy issues. Especially staff in higher positions said that they became more aware of energy efficiency and particularly electricity related efficiency issues. The changes in attitudes towards understanding energy in terms of an environmental issue was probably the most considerable result of the implementation of the Eko-energy agreement in Södra - the Eko-energy program increased the focus of energy efficiency and worked like an “eye-opener” for some of the actors involved. As this was the energy authorities’ overall aim, reflecting the long-term aspects of the agreement’s goals and objectives, the implementation of the agreement must be considered an accomplishment. The implementation of the Eko-energy program highlights the problem of compliance with voluntary policy mechanism. It could be asked whether enforcement mechanisms could have generated a higher degree of compliance with the agreement objectives? The answer is no. Stricter requirements would most probably have had the opposite effect, causing unfavourable conditions that would not attract com...
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. In our system, the profile of the mirror is nonquadratic due to the presence of the central dimple. The dimple is needed to break the quadratic profile of the mirror, but is hardly visible in the mode profile. If we would have destroyed the quadratic profile in any other way, e.g., by drilling a hole in the mirror, we probably would have observed almost identical LG-modes. The latter situation is roughly similar to a potential barrier of infinite height. The approximate mode profiles can be found from the effective-index model starting the integration just outside the dimple. The discussed preference for a rectangular or cylindrical mode family is not limited to cavities but holds for waveguides [86] as well. To motivate this statement we mention that fibers with an elliptical core prefer a mode family similar to the Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes in optical resonators [87], whereas fibers with a circular core favor a rotationally sym- metric mode family [88]. The stepped (refractive) index of a circular core breaks in fact the quadratic guiding profile so strongly that the mode-profiles are influenced correspondingly and are quite different from the LG-modes. These modes are called LP-modes [89, 90]. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a passive resonator in which LG-modes are pre- ferred, due to the rotational symmetric and nonquadratic profile of the mirror. The inten- sity profiles on the mirror nicely agree with standard (analytic) LG-modes, showing that the dimple does not yet influence the mode profiles noticeably. This we have checked with an effective-index model, which is also used to demonstrate that the effect of spherical aberration on the mode profiles is still negligible under our operating conditions.
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Concluding discussion. We have investigated the effects of focused pumping on type-II SPDC. In particular, we have shown that focused pumping leads to an asymmetric broadening of both the SPDC emis- sion cones. This is similar to asymmetric spectral broadening discussed in [78] for pulsed pumping of “focusing in time”. For pair collection with two bucket detectors behind aper- tures, focused pumping seems to have no clear advantages; the polarization entanglement at fixed pinhole size is virtually unaffected, but the single and especially the coincidence count rates are reduced. For detection with fiber-coupled photon counters, where focused pump- ing is necessary for efficient single-mode generation, severe focusing is predicted to produce polarization-unbalanced spectral broadening which leads to a reduced entanglement quality.
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. To shed light on the difference between the ray and the wave descriptions of cavity xxxxxx- tions, we have tried to determine their validity experimentally. Unfortunately, this attempt failed for two reasons. First of all, the relation between the measured phase delay θm and mode number m was not strictly linear, as was predicted by theory and demonstrated experi- mentally for a folded three-mirror resonator (see Ch. 5). Secondly, and more important, the relation depended strongly on the alignment of the cavity and the injection of the beam. Ap- parently, the mirror surface is nonspherical and contributes additional aberrations on top of the ones calculated in this Chapter. In conclusion, we have presented an extension of the wave description of spherical aber- ration, introducing a term that was previously overlooked. Furthermore, we have tried to reconcile results from the ray model presented in Chapter 4 and wave models presented in Chapter 5 and ref. [62]. We could link both models using the cavity length reduction needed to preserve frequency-degeneracy beyond paraxiality. This attempt was successful only in the short cavity limit. This somewhat surprising result is not yet fully understood.
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. We have investigated the two-photon spatial coherence of entangled photon pairs by mea- suring the coincidence rate in a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer as a function of the relative transverse beam displacement for different aperture sizes. The calculated and observed co- herence is completely different for an interferometer with an odd or even number of mirrors. For the odd case we have demonstrated that the transverse coherence length is inversely pro- portional to the aperture size. We also observed a well-defined dip in the single count rate and demonstrated the existence of a combined temporal and spatial labeling that can lead to a reduction of the HOM visibility under certain conditions. For the even case, we have shown that the transverse coherence length is basically determined by the pump waist.
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. The roughness-induced scatter limits the performance of a Xxxxx-Xxxxx. The scatter of a single mirror is visualized and described by the BRDF and TIS and compared with the losses of a resonator, comprising two mirrors. We show that the finesse and the peak throughput are lower than expected from the mirror’s transmission. We have quantified the resonator Method Efficiency (η) TIS incoherent illumination coherent illumination Fspectral Fring−down 20 % (23.6 ± 0.1) % ( (20 ± 2) % 18.0 ± 0.5) % (22.2 ± 0.5) % Table 2.1: An overview of the resonator efficiency η determined by the various meth- ods in this Chapter: Via angular-resolved scatter of a single mirror (TIS), via average power measurements for incoherent and coherent illumination of a resonator, and via the spectral width and cavity ring-down. ≈ 1. It shows that all methods give roughly (within statistical errors) identical results; the efficiency of the resonator under study being η 20 %. Thus 80 % of the light escapes via roughness-induced scattering of both mirrors. Furthermore both the “floor” of a spectrum and the comparison of a spectral and temporal method demonstrate that the scattered light is not resonantly trapped inside the resonator.
Sample 1
Concluding discussion. ‌ The EU, as well as the rest of the world, is facing great challenges in transforming the transport system in a sustainable direction. A key issue for current transport policy making is thus to identify policies that are effective in reaching targets, efficient, politically acceptable and practically feasible. It is gradually becoming apparent that in order to achieve this dem- xxxxxx task, single policy measures often need to be combined into packages where mea- sures mutually reinforce each other. This is what the OPTIC project is about. One of the main obstacles to the transformation of the transport sector in a sustainable direc- tion is that even though there are plenty of potentially effective policy measures, many of these are rarely or never implemented in practice. The main aim of this work package has therefore been to explore barriers and success factors to formation and implementation of policy packages in transport, and – based on this – to identify strategies to overcome and manage barriers. Identifying relatively specific and elaborated strategies, theoretically informed and based in empirical examples, is the main scientific and practical contribution of this report. Concretely, we focused our work around three main tasks. The first was to elaborate a typology that could serve as a framework for our analysis of barriers and success factors in empirical cases. This typology might in itself constitute a tool for policy makers to categorise and understand barriers and success factors related to the formation and implementation of policy packages in transport. The second task was to apply this typology to empirical cases from transport policy in order to get an in-depth insight into experiences from policy-making and thus also into the kinds of success factors, barriers and strategies that evolve in practice. This also constituted the main basis for our third task, namely, to identify more generally valid conclusions on strategies to manage barriers to formation and implementation of single policy measures and policy packages in transport. One main outcome of this report is the identification and further development of a typology that helps to distinguish between different policies and to project those that may face difficult challenges in policy formation and implementation. For instance, it can be seen that policy measures with regulatory (dealing with legislation and sanctions to influence the activities of citizens and companies) or redist...
Sample 1

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  • Results and Discussion 1H NMR studies of the interaction between three ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and 9-ethylguanine The reaction between the ruthenium polypyridyl complex [Ru(apy)(tpy)(H2O)]2+ and the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine was studied by 1H NMR at a 1:2 ratio (see Fig.3.2). The conditions of the experiment were chosen to be as close as possible to physiological conditions, using D2O as a solvent and a temperature of 310 K. The reaction was studied for 24 hours, during which the pH was seen to remain neutral.

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