Network functions. (a) Bellcore Internet WAN tra c peak(Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps) 8.89 1.45 3.65 5.84 1.45 3.53 4.75 1.45 3.42 3.39 1.13 2.64 Table 1: Network and user functions. We assume the user has traces of typical tra c. On a slower time scale, the network adjusts the price p based on the demand. The price curves are given by fH (m)= p (x; m), with (x; m) given by (2). of tra c pro les, experimental results indicate that the simple bound is fairer. Another important parameter that a ects a user's charge is the amount of tra c shaping he performs, which determines his peak rate. In many cases shaping does not a ect the actual e ective bandwidth. For example, ob- serve in Table 2(a) that the actual e ective bandwidth is not a ected much when the peak rate decreases: A decrease of the peak rate from 2:34 Kbps to 0:28 Kbps results in a 5.8% decrease of the e ective bandwidth (7:37 Kbps to 6:94 Kbps). On the other hand, the same decrease of the peak rate results in a 50.7% decrease of the simple bound (21:1 Kbps to 10:4 Kbps). Hence, one might ask why charges, such as the ones we propose, should pro- vide the incentive to decrease the peak rate, even when the peak rate has a small e ect on actual usage. The answer goes back to the requirements for economic e ciency that were discussed in Section 2.1: Providing such an incentive guides users to select tra c contracts for which the simple bound is fairer and smaller, hence corresponds to a tighter worst-case tra c bound. The last argument is also supported by Tables 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), which show the e ective bandwidth and simple bound for di erent Internet traces. The bottom rows of these tables correspond to an average shaping xx- xxx less than 4 msec, which is acceptable for delay insensi- tive Internet tra c. Observe that for such shaping delays k( i= i) 2 [1:5; 2:3] which is smaller than if users did not have the incentive to decrease their peak rate, namely [1:6; 2:9], [1:6; 2:7], and [1:6; 2:5] for the rst three lines in the tables. Additional results regarding fairness are pre- sented in [4], where we investigate the variance of k for various link capacities and bu er sizes, in the case of In- xxxxxx tra c from the same source and MPEG-1 video tra c with various content.
Network functions. An eCall, from the network point of view, is a manually or automatically initiated emergency call (TS12) from a vehicle, supplemented with a minimum set of emergency related data (MSD). The description of a TS12 emergency call from 3GPP TS 22.003 is given in Table 3: Table 3: TS12 description The eCall includes data transmission along with voice transmission. Hence additional requirements have been identified in 3GPP TS 22.101 for the data transmission through the PLMN: The ‘service category’ information element, defined in 3GPP TS 24.008, contains in its third octet the field ‘Emergency Service Category Value’. The size of the ‘Emergency Service Category Value’ is 7 bits and the meaning of each bit is presented in Table 4. Emergency Service Category Bit number Meaning 1 Police 2 Ambulance 3 Fire brigade 4 Marine guard 5 Mountain rescue 6 manually initiated eCall 7 automatically initiated eCall 8 spare and set to "0" Table 4: Emergency Service Category bits The Mobile station may set one or more bits of the ‘Emergency Service Category Value’ to "1". If more than one bit is set to "1", according to the standard, routing to a combined emergency centre is required. If the MSC cannot match the received service category to any of the emergency centres, it shall route the call to an operator defined as default emergency centre. If no bit is set to "1", the MSC shall route the emergency call to an operator defined as default emergency centre. A mobile station initiating an eCall shall set either bit 6 or bit 7 to “1”. The network may use the information indicated in bit 6 and bit 7 to route the manually or automatically initiated eCall to an operator defined as emergency call centre. Figure 21: eCall routing In Greece there is one central ‘112’ PSAP, operated by the General Secretariat of Civil Protection (GSCP). The PSAP manually dispatches the emergency calls to the fire brigade, police, etc. according to the specific requirements of each case. For the purposes of the HeERO2 project the eCall will be implemented as a voice band modem call terminating at the eCall PSAP. The 112 call will be routed to the eCall PSAP, where the modem call will be terminated and the data part will be extracted and processed. Bits 6 and 7 of the ‘Emergency Service Category Value’ will not be used for the routing of the call through the network since on full deployment; every eCall will be routed to the single 112 PSAP which operates in Greece as it is depicted in Figure 21. There ar...
Network functions. The Spanish architecture of eCall services implies that the MNO should modify the network behaviour to discriminate between phone calls from an eCall device and from a non-eCall cellular phone. In order to enable this discrimination, the network must provide the following functions:
Network functions. Turkcell will discriminate eCalls from ordinary emergency calls and will perform number analysis. eCalls will have different called party numbers. So that Turk Telekom could route the calls to a specific eCalls PSAP. Turk Telekom (TT) accepts eCalls from the GSM network at the interconnection point where the PSAP is located. In addition, the GSM operators use a different sending format (Called number format) for eCalls which includes a special emergency service number and suffix number. So, TT differentiates these calls from the other emergency calls and delivered to the PSAP by using the dedicated PRI ports. And also PSAP can discriminate the calls for each operator according to the suffix number.
Network functions. 1. Posts a family of curves fH (m) parameterized by H.
Network functions. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/123 of 24 January 2019 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of air traffic management (ATM) network functions and repealing Commission Regulation (EU) No 677/2011 (OJ L 28, 31.1.2019, p. 1). Commission Regulation (EU) No 255/2010 of 25 March 2010 laying down common rules on air traffic flow management (OJ L 80, 26.3.2010, p. 10), as amended by: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 of 26 September 2012 (OJ L 281, 13.10.2012, p. 1), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1006 of 22 June 2016 (OJ L 165, 23.6.2016, p. 8), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2159 of 20 November 2017 (OJ L 304, 21.11.2017, p. 45). Applicable provisions: Articles 1 to 15, Annexes. Interoperability Commission Regulation (EC) No 1032/2006 of 6 July 2006 laying down requirements for automatic systems for the exchange of flight data for the purpose of notification, coordination and transfer of flights between air traffic control units (OJ L 186, 7.7.2006, p. 27), as amended by: Commission Regulation (EC) No 30/2009 of 16 January 2009 (OJ L 13, 17.1.2009, p. 20). Applicable provisions: Articles 1 to 9, Annexes I to V. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1033/2006 of 4 July 2006 laying down the requirements on procedures for flight plans in the pre-flight phase for the Single European Sky (OJ L 186, 7.7.2006, p. 46), as amended by: Commission Regulation (EU) No 929/2010 of 18 October 2010 (OJ L 273, 19.10.2010, p. 4), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 of 26 September 2012 (OJ L 281, 13.10.2012, p. 1), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 428/2013 of 8 May 2013 (OJ L 127, 9.5.2013, p. 23), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/2120 of 2 December 2016 (OJ L 329, 3.12.2016, p. 70), Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/139 of 29 January 2018 (OJ L 25, 30.1.2018, p. 4). Applicable provisions: Articles 1 to 5, Annex. Commission Regulation (EC) No 633/2007 of 7 June 2007 laying down requirements for the application of a flight message transfer protocol used for the purpose of notification, coordination and transfer of flights between air traffic control units (OJ L 146, 8.6.2007, p. 7), as amended by: Commission Regulation (EU) No 283/2011 of 22 March 2011 (OJ L 77, 23.3.2011, p. 23). ▼M1 Applicable provisions: Articles 1 to 6, Annexes I to IV. Commission Regulation (EC) No 29/2009 of 16 January 2009 laying down requirements on data link services for the Single European Sky...
