Population and Sample. The aggregate of all possible study objects about which a statement is intended, for example nurses. Research studies mostly include selections (samples) from this population and results are generalized from samples to population (Flick, 2011). The study population was nurses that work with elderly in nursing homes and residential home care. The sample selection of study participates from a population according to specific rules (Flick, 2011). The sample for study was selected using convenient sampling; candidates were selected based on availability. A total number of 4 nurses were interviewed. The students had planned to interview 6 nurses; one team leader, and two nurses from each site as well as one nurse educator. However, only one team leader and one nurse from the residential home care were interviewed as well as with 2 nurses from the nursing home. We were unable to interview the nurse educator who was out on a working visit at the time of data collection. Further interviews where planned for in case more information was needed, however after the interview the information was assessed to be sufficient to proceed with analysis.
Population and Sample. The population in this study is all newly arrived immigrants to the U.S. classified as B1 or B2 for TB during their overseas medical screening. The subjects (sample population) are immigrants whose first port of U.S. entry is the DTW between December 2006 and August 2007 (nine months). Immigrants arriving at DTW during this time frame were primarily from the Philippines (>90% for December 2006 – February 2007, unpublished data) and received their overseas medical screening per the 1991 TIs. This study does not include refugees or asylees as the support systems in place for these groups are more substantial than those for immigrants. Refugees generally have a sponsor who, upon arrival, can assist in making appointments and/or providing transportation to appointments. Immigrants arriving with incomplete or outdated overseas medical examinations were also excluded. These individuals must complete a medical screening performed by a U.S. Civil Surgeon in order to gain permanent legal U.S. entry. To reduce the potential effect of country of origin on the outcome measure, completion of U.S. TB evaluation, study subjects were limited to those whose country of origin is the Philippines. Assignment to the two groups in the study (those who received a written referral and those who did not), was determined by date and time of arrival at DTW. The DTW Quarantine Station was open for operation from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST), Monday through Friday excluding holidays during the time frame for this study. Those immigrants arriving on evening flights, weekends, holidays, or when the three quarantine staff members were otherwise engaged, became the group not receiving a referral. While the study sample is a convenience sample, there is no reason to assume that immigrants arriving on weekends, evenings or holidays were significantly different than those arriving during quarantine station hours of operation. The inclusion criteria for this study were: Newly arriving Filipino immigrants of all ages at DTW between December 2006 and August 2007 with a B1 or B2 TB classification The exclusion criteria for this study were: Refugees or asylum seekers Immigrants arriving at DTW from countries other than the Philippines Immigrants arriving with incomplete or outdated overseas medical examinations Immigrants for whom the presence or absence of receipt of referral was not documented by Quarantine staff on the immigration packet “face sheet” Sample size cal...
Population and Sample. Clarkston is a one square mile city in DeKalb County, Georgia. It has been called the most diverse square mile in the United States (St. Xxxx, 2007). The population of Clarkston is largely made up of AfricanDAmericans and refugees from Burma, Bhutan, Burundi, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq and more. The median income of the community is $29,000 annually, with an overall poverty rate of 29%. Nineteen percent of AmericanDborn residents and 43% of foreignDborn residents live below the poverty level (CityData 2013). The Clarkston Community Center (CCC) was formed in 1994. It is a gathering place for art, education, recreation and community building and serves both longDtime residents and newly arrived refugees in the area. Programs at the CCC strive to improve the quality of life of residents by offering opportunities to learn, gain skills, discover new interests and meet neighbors. In 2011 the CCC served nearly 20,000 people (Clarkston Community Center 2013). Housed within the CCC is the Food Security Initiative, which aims to increase access to nutritious, culturally appropriate foods through a broad spectrum of programs. These programs were created as a response to difficulties among the lowDincome population in accessing affordable, nutritious and culturally appropriate foods. Therefore, the target population of the study was lowDincome American born and refugee households who are food insecure. The rationale for targeting this population lies in the demographic characteristics of the Clarkston population. In Clarkston’s congressional district (four) over 23,000 (10%) households received SNAP benefits in 2010. Almost 50% of families below poverty level received SNAP benefits and about 10% below poverty level were not receiving SNAP (USDA 2011). The city of Clarkston is wedged between two food deserts3, both of which fall within the CCC’s desired impact area. There are seven other food deserts in close proximity to the community center as well (CityData 2013). The desire for more programs to address 3 A Food desert is, ““a low-income census tract where a substantial number or share of residents has low access to a supermarket or large grocery store” (USDA 2012). food insecurity beyond governmental programs arose from the community during numerous community forums and discussions and led to the creation of CCC’s Food Security Initiative.
Population and Sample. Researchers collected all project data through UKA’s headquarters in Mexico City, the Ometepec CHC in Guerrero (Figure 1), and communities served by the Ometepec CHC. Ometepec is located in the state of Xxxxxxxx, about six hours from the organization’s headquarters in Mexico City, Mexico. The Ometepec CHC has a large catchment area, encompassing mountainous, coastal, and urban areas. They were chosen for this study by UKA headquarter staff due to the high prevalence of child undernutrition as measured by stunting (25.6% at the state level, compared with 12.7% nationally) [2], as well as project feasibility. Of the 40 communities attended to by the CHC staff in Ometepec, only village groups that spoke Spanish as their first and prominent language during UKA nutrition education sessions and had worked with UKA for at least one year as of May 2010 were included (N=28). Community surveys and/ or observational data from the sample population were collected from all 28 communities. Communities where data were collected are located between five and ninety minutes by vehicle from the CHC in Ometepec. The populations served are often indigenous, rural, and have a high prevalence of malnutrition in children less than five years of age (measured by HAZ). Guerrero staff members had worked at the Ometepec CHC with UKA for eighteen months up to seven years. The study population included UKA staff from Mexico City, Ometepec CHC manager and health promoters, community participants who were pregnant or had children less than five years of age, and volunteer community assistants who attended and helped at the nutrition education sessions between May and July 2010. All community participants were able to communicate in Spanish and lived in a community that had worked with UKA for at least one year prior to May 2010. Research design A mixed methods review of UKA’s nutrition education component was conducted from May 2010 to July 2010. Data were collected from the Ometepec CHC in Guerrero and the headquarters in Mexico City, Mexico. All data collected are related to UKA’s nutrition education component. All curriculum materials available and pertaining to exclusive breastfeeding, complementary foods, and diarrhea (including current training manuals, session materials, documents, etc.) were requested from the Mexico City headquarters and Ometepec CHC. Health education promoters’ delivery of the nutrition education component was observed using a structured observation guide to as...
Population and Sample. The populations in this study were functional managers consisting of marketing managers and production managers totaling 206 people spread across 103 manufacturing companies in Medan City. Furthermore, sampling in this study using saturatedsampling/census, which is, using all members of the population as the research sample?
Population and Sample. This study used a purposive sample of twenty participating schools in Nyanza Province that received water, sanitation, and/or hygiene interventions as part of the SWASH+ program’s initial 185-school randomized trial designed to assess the health and educational impacts of school-based WASH interventions. Sample schools are located in Kabondo, Kadibo, East and West Karachuonyo, Miwani, and Muhoroni districts; schools in the district of Suba were excluded from eligibility due to geographic distance from the field operations base in Kisumu city. The sample pool was further reduced to 38 schools that had participated in a previous SWASH+ study on the quality of WASH systems upkeep, but were not currently participating in other research activities. A random sample of 20 schools out of the 38 remaining eligible schools was selected using random-number generation. Figure 2 displays the locations of sample schools in Nyanza Province. Selected schools had all received one of three intervention packages in 2007: • Ten schools received the “base package,” comprised of water treatment supplies (one case of WaterGuard1), safe storage containers (plastic buckets with taps and securely fastening lids), hand washing facilities (large plastic buckets with spigots for hand washing) and hygiene education. • Six schools received the “base/sanitation package,” including sanitation improvements in the form of new sanitation facilities and sanitation training and education.
Population and Sample. The target population for this study was Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) in Georgia. CNMs are bachelor prepared registered nurses with a master’s degree in nursing, specializing in midwifery. This population was targeted because CNMs provide healthcare throughout a woman’s lifespan, including maternity services. The survey was administered online using survey tools such as survey monkey, Facebook, and email addresses. Procedures: A survey was used to collect data. Survey questions were developed by the primary investigator in collaboration with Xx. Xxxxxx, the creator of this project, after extensive review of the literature and feedback from experts such as Midwifery faculty at the School of Nursing. A pilot study was carried out using three to five Certified Nurse Midwives currently practicing in Georgia in order to review and optimize survey items and survey length. After the pilot study, the survey tool was modified as necessary based on feedback from the pilot group and then distributed to the study sample population. Participants for the pilot study and main study included the following: 1) Certified Nurse Midwives who are licensed and currently practicing in Georgia 2) Certified Nurse Midwives who are licensed in Georgia, but not currently practicing, but had been practicing in the previous two years in Georgia, 3) Certified Nurse Midwives who recently retired from practice in Georgia within the last five years, and 4) all participants must be able to read and comprehend English. Recruitment for the pilot study was through convenience sampling of 3-5 Certified Nurse Midwives with expertise in both clinical and academic settings. Following the approval from Emory IRB, approval from ACNM regarding its “Policy for Solicitation of ACNM Members for Research Purposes” was obtained. Following this approval, a request was also made to Midwives of Georgia for the email addresses of its members as well as the mailing addresses of non- member. The mailing addresses were then sorted and arranged in an Excel file. From this file, a mailing list was created, which was used to snail mail the survey to Certified Nurse Midwives practicing in Georgia who do not belong to ACNM. Recruitment for the main study was accomplished via convenience and snowball sampling methods. These methods were used to contact midwives using email/mail addresses obtained through the ACNM, local ACNM Affiliate meetings, and through personal contacts and Facebook. The survey was administered...
Population and Sample. The criteria for sample selection in phenomenology is that participants have had the experience in question and are willing and able to articulate their experience (van Manen, 1990). Phenomenology seeks in-depth insight rather than patterns or commonalities of experience (van Manen, 1990). The presence of rich variation in the narratives is essential to phenomenology, and for this reason, purposive sampling of different ages, demographic characteristics and childbirth experiences is useful (Xxxxxxxx, 2008). The purpose of the variation in the sample is not to make comparisons among the different categories, but to “spark thinking” on the part of the researcher about the phenomenon (Xxxxxx, 2011). For this study, women were sought from different ethnicities, both primagravidas and multiparas. The sample included hospital and home births. Seeking a sample that included a variety of perspectives created a xxxxxx description of women’s experience of childbirth. Variation in the sample also allowed the researcher to elicit perspectives from a variety of important, yet different, standpoints. Feminist standpoint theory proposes that human knowledge arises from and is shaped by the social location, conditions, opportunities, and understandings unique to each individual (Xxxxxxx, 1988). Systems of oppression have influenced the circumstances of individuals, including their living circumstances, opportunities, and treatment in social situations. The difference in situations gives rise to different ways of looking at evidence (Inteman, 2010). Xxxxxxx suggests that the classification of knowledge boundaries (in other words, what counts as knowledge and what does not) is determined primarily by power and not by truth. Groups with less power have an advantage in their evaluation or creation of knowledge because they are not trying to maintain power (Xxxxxxx, 1988; Xxxxx, 2003). Members of marginalized groups have a unique position with regards to knowledge because they understand the worldview assumptions of the dominant group to effectively navigate the world, but have knowledge of personal experience that conflicts with dominant views and generates an alternative perspective (Xxxx-Xxxxxxx, 1991; Xxxxx, 2003). The recruitment plan involved recruiting 12-16 women of different ages, parities, ethnicities and socioeconomic status. The original recruitment plan is listed in Table 1. Recruitment of women from Hispanic or African-American backgrounds proved challenging, and...
Population and Sample. The study was conducted in Eastern Tanzania where Maasai, Sambaa, Mbulu, Pare, Wamburu, and Zigua pastoralist groups reside. The sampling frame included pastoralist communities across the two regions of Tanga and Morogoro and comprised 29 purposively selected communities. Purposive sampling was based on sedentarization levels, proximity to a market, and participation in the MilkIT program (a program developed by the ILRI to improve pastoralists ability to sell their dairy products). Map of the Morogoro (southern) and Tanga (northern) regions where the study took place. (Image developed by author using Tableau) From these 29 villages, 6 villages were again purposively selected to capture different levels of transition and sedentarization, access to rural and urban markets, and community demographics to achieve diversity in the sample of villages. Three sedentarization levels were identified: Intensive sedentarization (n=1), extensive sedentarization (n=2), and extensive pastoralism (n=3). The extensive pastoralist communities were defined as having large herds of more than 20 cattle (typically indigenous breeds) and members of the household that practice transhumance. Of the three villages, all have multiple tribes cohabitating except for one, which is 100% Maasai. Two villages were categorized as extensive sedentary since these communities had smaller herd sizes of hybrid breeds and were also usually farmers. The community identified as intensive sedentary is due to its agricultural focus with households typically having small numbers of cattle per household managed using a zero-grazing system.
Population and Sample. The primary participants in this study were migrant/seasonal farm workers (and their family members) living in southwest Georgia at the time of the study. Clinical and survey data came from adult (male and female) attendees of the FWFHP outreach night clinics and the Ellenton Clinic, while focus group discussion (FGD) participants were adult females. Key informants with close ties to the farm worker community were interviewed to provide context for the FGDs and survey data. (See Table 1 below.) Table 1: Population and sample for each of four data collection methods Method Population of Interest Study Sample Inclusion Criteria Final Sample Size Clinical data Migrant/seasonal Workers (and their Only those who Of the 400 workers farm workers in family members) who were 18 years old or attending FWFHP southwest GA lived on or near farms older were included clinics, 385 met where FWFHP clinics in this study (385 of inclusion criteria were set up the original 400) and had their data included Surveys 400 farm Adults attending the Survey participants 57 adults from workers/family final FWFHP station were 18 years or FWFHP foot members who (foot care) at each older and spoke station and 5 from visited the night clinic or the Spanish or English Ellenton clinic FWFHP nigh Ellenton Clinic (those who only waiting room clinics waiting room spoke an indigenous dialect were excluded) Key Southwest GA Healthcare workers Interviewees were 2 healthcare informant residents who and volunteers from available and workers and 2 interviews worked with farm community willing to participate volunteers from a workers organizations that (several potential community serve farmworkers interviewees were organization that excluded due to provides foods to scheduling conflicts) the farmworker community FGDs Women from the Women who were Adult women (>=18 24 women included farm worker either patients of the y) who spoke in 3 FGDs community in Ellenton Clinic or Spanish or English southwest GA were acquainted with and were available the outreach workers on the day FGDs were conducted Sampling and recruitment Survey participants. Survey participants were recruited from the 385 adults meeting inclusion criteria for clinical data (Table 1) and included participants from the night clinics hosted by the FWFHP or the waiting room of the Ellenton Clinic (which has a long-standing relationship with the farm worker community in southwest Georgia). The five participants from the Ellenton Clinic waitin...
