Sample Characteristics. For the formulation of the construct, we approached five international SDM experts to give feedback on our initial selection of domains, of which four responded and two also participated in the in-person meeting. For the feedback on the items, the same five international SDM experts were approached and three of them responded. In total, 153 patients and 16 physicians participated in this study (Table 1). For content validity testing, 14 patients initially provided informed consent and 12 of them completed the survey. Eleven of the 18 physicians who we approached participated. In total, 185 patients started with the field-test survey, and 133 completed it. Non-completers (N=52) did not significantly differ from completers regarding age, level of education, or gender. Ten patients provided informed consent to participate in the cognitive interviews of whom eight were interviewed. Five of the six physicians who we approached participated in the cognitive interviews.
Sample Characteristics. The majority of women reported low involvement in decision making (N=4,749, 46.84%). Smaller percentages of women reported medium and high involvement (29.83% and 23.34%, respectively). An investigation of each of the four decision making questions individually indicates that decision making occurs most often between the husband and the respondent jointly followed by the husband alone. Women reported exclusive decision making in the majority for daily household purchases only; exclusive decision making was minimal in the other three decision making indicators. Women had an average of 2.43 living children (range=0-12). The mean fertility across communities ranged from 1.21-4.40. Slightly more than a third of women were categorized as normative relative to their community mean fertility (N=3,687, 36.34%). Another third were categorized as having fertility deviant above their community mean fertility; 20.48% were deviant above and 8.95% were extremely deviant above the mean. The remaining 29.64% of women were categorized as deviant below the mean, and 4.59% were extremely deviant below their community mean. Participant mean age was 29.96 (median=29, l.s.e.=0.113). Women had an average of 4.38 years of school (range=0.17, l.s.e.=0.091), and the majority of women had less education than their spouse (N=7,188, 70.85%). A small percentage of women reported that their husband was living away from home (N=1,123, 11.07%). The median length of marriage was 13 years (range=0-39.5 years). Most women were currently living in a rural setting (N=6,342, 62.51%). Approximately a third of participants reported employment in the last twelve months (N=3,065, 30.22%), and involvement in a women’s organization (N=3,739, 36.83%) such as a microcredit program. Additional characteristics are presented in Table 1. Results from the partial proportional odds model are provided in Table 2. Odds ratios (e|β coef.|) rather than coefficients are presented to facilitate interpretation of each independent variable’s impact on decision making. The proportional odds assumption was violated for both the linear and quadratic fertility term, community mean fertility, and the control variable husband away from home. When the proportional odds assumption is not met, the effect of a predictor is not constant across all transitions of the dependent variable. Parameters for these predictors are left unconstrained to vary across all levels of the dependent variable, and therefore, two odds ratios are ...
Sample Characteristics. In our IFA receipt model, our final sample was 7,765 women and 1,012 HSCs. For the outcome IFA consumption, our final sample included 2,905 women and 890 HSCs. Women included in the IFA receipt model were predominantly 20 years or older (84.2%), married before the age of 18 (72.1%), uneducated (62.0%), had one or more sons (77.0%), had a birth order of three or greater (51.8%), Hindu (83.5%), and more likely to be in the two lowest wealth quintiles (67.1%). Although all women received at least one ANC check-up, 47.1% did not receive any ANC practices and 35.6% did not receive any counseling messages that were surveyed (Table 4.3a). Most villages that were included in our sample had an HSC in the village (40.0%) or were located within 5 km of an HSC
Sample Characteristics. The results of all moderator analyses are reported in Table 1. Gender was not a significant moderator, indicating that physical abuse occurs at approximately the same rate for boys and girls. No significant results were found for the geographical origin of the sample or for predominant ethnicity in the North American samples, nor for the level of economic development of the country of origin of the sample. Figure 1 shows the prevalence per country of origin of the samples, which was combined for countries for which more than one study had been included. It should be noted that large differences in the reported prevalence of child physical abuse seem to exist within the continents. Unfortunately, we were not able to test this contention through moderator analyses due to the small number of studies 60 60 50 50 Estimated prevalence (%) Estimated prevalence (%) 40 40 20 20 10 10 0 Coh Coll High Occup Pop
Sample Characteristics. In considering the potential impact of an SSR, we focus on all the noncustodial fathers in our sample, and then consider effects for noncustodial fathers by income (below 100 percent of the federal poverty line, and below 200 percent of the federal poverty line).3 Child support guidelines are not generally applied differentially to divorced versus unmarried fathers. However, much of the related policy discussion has focused on low-income fathers who have not been married (e.g., Xxxxxxx, 2017; Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 2011). Accordingly, we also report results separately for fathers who owe support only for nonmarital births, and for fathers who owe support to at least some marital children. Table 1 provides information on the characteristics of each sample. Among all fathers, about half owe support only to children who were born outside of marriage. The rate of nonmarital births was higher (64 to 65 percent) for fathers with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Table 1 shows that fathers in our sample were about 38 years old on average, though lower income fathers, and fathers with only nonmarital births were, on average, younger. In the sample as a whole, 51 percent of fathers were white non-Hispanic, 21 percent were black non-Hispanic, and 14 percent were Hispanic (14 percent were other, or did not have race or ethnicity identified). There were fewer cases with unknown race or ethnicity among lower income samples (as expected, given greater program participation, and more extensive information in the MSPF data set). Among those with incomes below 100 percent of the poverty line, 42 percent were white non-Hispanic, 38 percent were black non-Hispanic and 18 percent were Hispanic (with only 2 percent other or unknown). For lower-income fathers, whites were under-represented, and blacks over-represented, among fathers who only owe support to nonmarital children. Just over half of fathers in our sample had one child, and only 18 percent had three or more. Fathers with some marital children were considerably less likely than the full 3Note that this subgroup ignores custodial parent income; those with low noncustodial parent income will include some custodial parents with low-income and some without low-income. Table 1: Characteristics of noncustodial fathers all noncustodial fathers Fathers with only nonmarital children Fathers with Any Marital children All Income below the FPL Income up to twice the FPL All Income below the FPL Income up to...
Sample Characteristics. Twelve parent-child dyads were excluded due to missing data; thus, 88 dyads were analyzed. Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. Participating children had a mean age of 14.5 (SD 2.2) years and were 71.6% female. Most parents were female (84.1%) and had a mean age of 45.8 (SD 6.7) years. Approximately half (51.1%) of participants reported an annual household income <$75,000. Major de- pressive disorder and phobia were the most common dis- orders endorsed by both parents and children, 60.2% and 52.3%, respectively (Table 2). Child age, years 14.5 (2.2) Child disability/impairment, WHODAS 2.0 2.40 (0.66) Parent age, years 45.8 (6.7) Parent psychosocial distress 65.3 (16.7) n (%) Female child 63 (71.6) Female parent 74 (84.1) Household income <$75,000 45 (51.1) Inpatient 35 (39.8) Table 2. Dyad responses on the MINI-KID Agreement Count (%) Disagreement Count (%) Parent: Yes Child: Yes Parent: No Child: No Parent: No Child: Yes Parent: Yes Child: No Major depressive disorder 53 (60.2) 13 (14.8) 9 (10.2) 13 (14.8) Generalized anxiety 41 (46.6) 14 (15.9) 10 (11.4) 23 (26.1) Separation anxiety 13 (14.8) 48 (54.5) 11 (12.5) 16 (18.2) Phobia 46 (52.3) 16 (18.2) 16 (18.2) 10 (11.4) ADHD 16 (18.2) 41 (46.6) 16 (18.2) 15 (17.0) Oppositional defiant/ conduct disorder 25 (28.4) 37 (42.0) 8 (9.1) 18 (20.5)
Sample Characteristics. As outlined earlier, 173 young people met study criteria for ‘pure’ psychosis, 1346 were classified as physically aggressive only, and 39 showed both patterns of difficulty. As these figures suggest, physical aggression was reported in approaching a fifth of all cases with diagnoses of psychosis (39/212, 18.4%); by contrast, only 2.9% of cases with marked aggressive symptomatology had evidence of psychosis (39/1385). Within the complete psychosis sample, rates of aggression were very similar in young people with affective psychosis (16.7% - 11/66) as compared to those with non-affective psychosis (19.2% - 28/146 χ2 (1) = 0.19, p=0.662).
Sample Characteristics. There were an equal number of men (n=9) and women (n=9) in each group and no group difference in age in years (t = -.62, df 34, p = .54 – see Table 1). In terms of current mental health, the groups did not differ on anxiety (t = 1.49, df 34, p = .15) or depression scores (t = .32, df 34, p = .75) as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (see Methods) which measures symptomatology over the past week - see Table 1) All but one participant scored in the normal to mild range on anxiety. One control participant scored in the moderate range. Table 1 P value Mean SD Mean SD Age in years 37.9 7.2 39.6 9.2 p = .54 Verbal IQ 117.6 4.9 119.6 4.5 p = .2 HADS: Anxiety 4 3.8 2.5 1.9 p = .15 HADS: Depression 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.4 p = .75 NAS:Non-Attach 4.3 .68 4.9 .56 p = .005 FFMQ:Non-React 3.2 .77 3.9 .57 p = .003 FFMQ: Observe 3.9 .87 3.9 .58 p = .99 FFMQ: Aware 3.7 .56 3.7 .43 p = .74 FFMQ: Describe 3.9 .62 4 .63 p = .67 FFMQ: Non- Judge 3.3 .71 4.2 .49 p < .001 M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation; Verbal IQ was measured using the NART; HADS refers to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NAS refers to the Non-attachment Scale – see below; FFMQ refers to the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Short Form, and the 5 subscales – see below. Education status was measured in four categories being secondary, further, degree and postgraduate level. The groups did not significantly differ in terms of education status (χ2 = 3.85, df 3, p = .28). In addition, the groups did not differ in terms of Verbal IQ predicted from the National Adult Reading Test (Xxxxxx, 1982; t = -.13, df 34, p = .2; – see Table 1).
Sample Characteristics. About 85% of women were in ‘free unions’, or common-law partnerships, and 15% were legally married (Table 1). Participants were between 18-49 years of age with an average age of 35 (SD 8.04). Women’s partners were between the ages of 24-65 with an average age of 40 (SD 10.35) years of age. The majority (61%) of women had partners that were older. Women had an average of 3 (SD 1.69) children living at home and had been displaced between 3-19 years with an average of 10 (SD 3.25) years. The majority of women (76%) and their partners (70%) had a secondary education or less. Over half of the women were with the same partner they had been with before being displaced. Only 4 women (12%) were not working. Women who were working often had several income- generating activities. The majority of women (88%) had worked in the prior month, either from home (21%), at an outside location (39%), or both (27%). Fifteen participants (45%) reported IPV by their current partner. Data from the interviews was organized into a conceptual framework consisting of four main components; (1) the contextual circumstances in which the women and their partners currently live, (2) women’s perceptions of gender normative behaviors for men and women, (3) men’s unemployment and women’s employment, and (4) intimate partner violence (Figure 1). These four domains reflect the influence of societal, community, interpersonal and personal factors on IPV as discussed in the IPV theories section above. Contextual circumstances of displacement and current living conditions, such as weakened social networks and a lack of employment opportunities contributed to stress and a lack of social support, which in turn created conflict within relationships. Within this setting, women and their partners still largely subscribed to patriarchal gender norms even though circumstances dictated changes in gender roles, most notable in men’s and women’s employment. The way in which couples’ employment was viewed as transgressive or conforming by each partner impacted the quality of the relationship and the occurrence of IPV.
Sample Characteristics. The average age was 19.4 years (standard deviation, 2.1). The sample was multiethnic, with 64% African American, 26% Hispanic, 6% Asian Pacific Islander, 3% White, and 1% Mixed or Other Ethnicity. Most (95%) were born in the United States. About three- quarters (78%) of participants had not completed high school, 80% were currently unemployed, 62% earned less than $500 in employment income during the past 30 days, 30% had unstable housing (e.g., living in a shelter, substance use treatment center, at a friend’s place, or on the streets), and 28% had a history of incarceration. Ten percent had completed sex reassignment surgery. For those in relationships, the average length of the relationship with a male primary partner was 2.9 years (standard deviation, 3.9). Fifty-nine percent of participants had been in their primary relationship for over 1 year. Over half (51%) currently lived with their male primary partner, and 62% described their relationship as monogamous. Since the beginning of the relationship with their male primary partner, 41% had ever had sex with an outside partner; 16% had sex with an outside partner during the past 3 months. Forty-one percent reported being HIV positive, and 13% had been diagnosed or showed symptoms for another sexually transmitted infection during the past 12 months. During the past 3 months, 58% used any alcohol, 32% had ever been intoxicated, 63% had used any illicit drugs, and 5% injected drugs. Drugs used most frequently during the past 3 months in this sample were marijuana (55%), ecstasy (15%), amphetamines (13%), and cocaine (10%). Fifty-nine percent met criteria for clinical depression. [Insert Table 1.0] Participants were asked if they strongly agreed (1), agreed (2), neither agreed nor disagreed (3), disagreed (4), or strongly disagreed (5). Scores for each question were obtained by calculating the mean (average) score using this numerical scale, so that a higher score indicated higher HIV knowledge or perception of risk. For questions assessing perceptions of risk, the lowest means were on the avoidance of HIV information question. For questions assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge, the two questions regarding cleaning syringes used to inject drugs and hormones had the lowest means overall. Due to the higher viscosity of injectable hormone medications, it is unlikely that cleaning syringes is effective in completely eliminating the transmission risk of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. The knowledge scores ranged fro...
