Sample Characteristics. For the formulation of the construct, we approached five international SDM experts to give feedback on our initial selection of domains, of which four responded and two also participated in the in-person meeting. For the feedback on the items, the same five international SDM experts were approached and three of them responded. In total, 153 patients and 16 physicians participated in this study (Table 1). For content validity testing, 14 patients initially provided informed consent and 12 of them completed the survey. Eleven of the 18 physicians who we approached participated. In total, 185 patients started with the field-test survey, and 133 completed it. Non-completers (N=52) did not significantly differ from completers regarding age, level of education, or gender. Ten patients provided informed consent to participate in the cognitive interviews of whom eight were interviewed. Five of the six physicians who we approached participated in the cognitive interviews.
Sample Characteristics. The majority of women reported low involvement in decision making (N=4,749, 46.84%). Smaller percentages of women reported medium and high involvement (29.83% and 23.34%, respectively). An investigation of each of the four decision making questions individually indicates that decision making occurs most often between the husband and the respondent jointly followed by the husband alone. Women reported exclusive decision making in the majority for daily household purchases only; exclusive decision making was minimal in the other three decision making indicators. Women had an average of 2.43 living children (range=0-12). The mean fertility across communities ranged from 1.21-4.40. Slightly more than a third of women were categorized as normative relative to their community mean fertility (N=3,687, 36.34%). Another third were categorized as having fertility deviant above their community mean fertility; 20.48% were deviant above and 8.95% were extremely deviant above the mean. The remaining 29.64% of women were categorized as deviant below the mean, and 4.59% were extremely deviant below their community mean. Participant mean age was 29.96 (median=29, l.s.e.=0.113). Women had an average of 4.38 years of school (range=0.17, l.s.e.=0.091), and the majority of women had less education than their spouse (N=7,188, 70.85%). A small percentage of women reported that their husband was living away from home (N=1,123, 11.07%). The median length of marriage was 13 years (range=0-39.5 years). Most women were currently living in a rural setting (N=6,342, 62.51%). Approximately a third of participants reported employment in the last twelve months (N=3,065, 30.22%), and involvement in a women’s organization (N=3,739, 36.83%) such as a microcredit program. Additional characteristics are presented in Table 1. Results from the partial proportional odds model are provided in Table 2. Odds ratios (e|β coef.|) rather than coefficients are presented to facilitate interpretation of each independent variable’s impact on decision making. The proportional odds assumption was violated for both the linear and quadratic fertility term, community mean fertility, and the control variable husband away from home. When the proportional odds assumption is not met, the effect of a predictor is not constant across all transitions of the dependent variable. Parameters for these predictors are left unconstrained to vary across all levels of the dependent variable, and therefore, two odds ratios are ...
Sample Characteristics. The sample for the crude and adjusted weighted analyses was comprised of all individuals who completed the ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire (n=29,884). The weighted analyses specified that the population of interest was HIV negative women age 15-24 years who were sexually active within the last 12 months. The final sample for the crude and adjusted unweighted estimates included only women, age 15-24 years, who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months, and were HIV negative from the original ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire dataset (n= 2,112). Table 1 shows the weighted frequencies for factors of interest collected in the socio- demographic data and reproductive, sexual activity, and gender norm modules of the ZAMPHIA adult interview questionnaire. Overall, most of our study population were 20-24 years of age, had attended at least secondary school or higher, were married or lived with a partner, resided in rural areas, had been pregnant, and had one sexual partner in the last 12 months. The weighted country-level estimate for having ever tested for HIV among our study population of interest is 84.7%. Among AGYW who had ever tested for HIV in comparison with AGYW who had never tested for HIV, a greater proportion were age 20-24 years compared to age 15-19 years, attended secondary education or higher, lived in urban areas, have ever been pregnant, used modern contraceptive methods, and participated in age-similar relationships. Chi-square tests were conducted for the bivariate analyses of the factors of interest in comparison with the outcome. All factors were significantly associated with having ever tested for HIV (significance level of α= 0.05) except for transactional sex.
Sample Characteristics. About 85% of women were in ‘free unions’, or common-law partnerships, and 15% were legally married (Table 1). Participants were between 18-49 years of age with an average age of 35 (SD 8.04). Women’s partners were between the ages of 24-65 with an average age of 40 (SD 10.35) years of age. The majority (61%) of women had partners that were older. Women had an average of 3 (SD 1.69) children living at home and had been displaced between 3-19 years with an average of 10 (SD 3.25) years. The majority of women (76%) and their partners (70%) had a secondary education or less. Over half of the women were with the same partner they had been with before being displaced. Only 4 women (12%) were not working. Women who were working often had several income- generating activities. The majority of women (88%) had worked in the prior month, either from home (21%), at an outside location (39%), or both (27%). Fifteen participants (45%) reported IPV by their current partner. Data from the interviews was organized into a conceptual framework consisting of four main components; (1) the contextual circumstances in which the women and their partners currently live, (2) women’s perceptions of gender normative behaviors for men and women, (3) men’s unemployment and women’s employment, and (4) intimate partner violence (Figure 1). These four domains reflect the influence of societal, community, interpersonal and personal factors on IPV as discussed in the IPV theories section above. Contextual circumstances of displacement and current living conditions, such as weakened social networks and a lack of employment opportunities contributed to stress and a lack of social support, which in turn created conflict within relationships. Within this setting, women and their partners still largely subscribed to patriarchal gender norms even though circumstances dictated changes in gender roles, most notable in men’s and women’s employment. The way in which couples’ employment was viewed as transgressive or conforming by each partner impacted the quality of the relationship and the occurrence of IPV.
Sample Characteristics. As outlined earlier, 173 young people met study criteria for ‘pure’ psychosis, 1346 were classified as physically aggressive only, and 39 showed both patterns of difficulty. As these figures suggest, physical aggression was reported in approaching a fifth of all cases with diagnoses of psychosis (39/212, 18.4%); by contrast, only 2.9% of cases with marked aggressive symptomatology had evidence of psychosis (39/1385). Within the complete psychosis sample, rates of aggression were very similar in young people with affective psychosis (16.7% - 11/66) as compared to those with non-affective psychosis (19.2% - 28/146 χ2 (1) = 0.19, p=0.662).
Sample Characteristics. In considering the potential impact of an SSR, we focus on all the noncustodial fathers in our sample, and then consider effects for noncustodial fathers by income (below 100 percent of the federal poverty line, and below 200 percent of the federal poverty line).3 Child support guidelines are not generally applied differentially to divorced versus unmarried fathers. However, much of the related policy discussion has focused on low-income fathers who have not been married (e.g., Xxxxxxx, 2017; Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 2011). Accordingly, we also report results separately for fathers who owe support only for nonmarital births, and for fathers who owe support to at least some marital children. Table 1 provides information on the characteristics of each sample. Among all fathers, about half owe support only to children who were born outside of marriage. The rate of nonmarital births was higher (64 to 65 percent) for fathers with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Table 1 shows that fathers in our sample were about 38 years old on average, though lower income fathers, and fathers with only nonmarital births were, on average, younger. In the sample as a whole, 51 percent of fathers were white non-Hispanic, 21 percent were black non-Hispanic, and 14 percent were Hispanic (14 percent were other, or did not have race or ethnicity identified). There were fewer cases with unknown race or ethnicity among lower income samples (as expected, given greater program participation, and more extensive information in the MSPF data set). Among those with incomes below 100 percent of the poverty line, 42 percent were white non-Hispanic, 38 percent were black non-Hispanic and 18 percent were Hispanic (with only 2 percent other or unknown). For lower-income fathers, whites were under-represented, and blacks over-represented, among fathers who only owe support to nonmarital children. Just over half of fathers in our sample had one child, and only 18 percent had three or more. Fathers with some marital children were considerably less likely than the full 3Note that this subgroup ignores custodial parent income; those with low noncustodial parent income will include some custodial parents with low-income and some without low-income. Table 1: Characteristics of noncustodial fathers all noncustodial fathers Fathers with only nonmarital children Fathers with Any Marital children All Income below the FPL Income up to twice the FPL All Income below the FPL Income up to...
Sample Characteristics. In our IFA receipt model, our final sample was 7,765 women and 1,012 HSCs. For the outcome IFA consumption, our final sample included 2,905 women and 890 HSCs. Women included in the IFA receipt model were predominantly 20 years or older (84.2%), married before the age of 18 (72.1%), uneducated (62.0%), had one or more sons (77.0%), had a birth order of three or greater (51.8%), Hindu (83.5%), and more likely to be in the two lowest wealth quintiles (67.1%). Although all women received at least one ANC check-up, 47.1% did not receive any ANC practices and 35.6% did not receive any counseling messages that were surveyed (Table 4.3a). Most villages that were included in our sample had an HSC in the village (40.0%) or were located within 5 km of an HSC
Sample Characteristics. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 pharmacists and 9 students (N=28, Table 2.1). Ten of the pharmacists and all of the students were from Dushanbe; 9 pharmacists from Kulob. The youngest participant was 21, the oldest was 52 (median=35). The majority of pharmacists (n=12) and students (n=5) were women.
Sample Characteristics. Sample characteristics are reported in table 1. A total of 3,581 participants were included in the reviewed studies. Sample sizes ranged from 23 participants (Xx & Xxxxx, 2020) to 744 participants (Xx Xxxxx et al., 2017). Participants included in the studies were aged 16 to 70 years. There was a strong trend towards participants being female. Ten of the 19 studies reported their sample as 100% female whereas the other 9 studies included male participants, although the proportion of males was still quite low ranging from 2% (Cardi et al., 2018) to 35% (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2012). In terms of clinical diagnosis, 6 studies included a sample of participants with AN only, and 3 studies included only participants with BED. The remaining studies involved more than one diagnosis, with 5 studies including participants with AN and BN and 2 studies involving all three conditions (i.e. AN, BN, BED). Only four studies reported duration of illness, which ranged from 7.1 years (Xxxxxx, Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2012) to 10.5 years (Cardi et al., 2014). The majority of studies (N = 14) reported the Body Mass Index for participants, which varied depending on the clinical group included (see table 1 for details).
Sample Characteristics. Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. At the individual level, the sample comprised 5.5% female union workers and 94.5% male union workers. Male workers reported having been married or cohabiting with their spouse or partner for an average of 12.2 years whereas female workers indicated that the average length of their married or cohabiting relationship NIH-PA Author Manuscript Xxxxxxx et al. Page 5 was 8.6 years. Approximately 67% of male workers and 69% of female workers indicted that they were raising any children. Note, however that these couple characteristics were only reported by the primary respondent, the union member. The average age for females in the sample (independent of union status) was 38.8 years as compared to 40.7 years for males. Among males, 18.5% of the sample was under 30 years of age and 19.5% were 50 or older. Among females, 22.8% of the sample was under 30 years of age and 17% were 50 or older. A greater percentage of females (14.8%) had completed four or more years of college compared to males (5.6%). In 78% of the couples, partners were married or cohabiting with someone of the same race. For example, in 4.4% of the couples both partners were African American, in 24.6% both partners were Hispanic, and in 47.3% both partners were Caucasian. NIH-PA Author Manuscript Table 2 shows the rates of occurrence for each type of male-to-female partner violence (MFPV). The percentages in the first column (WYMY) and fourth column (WNMN) represent agreement between couple members that an event had or had not occurred, respectively. The second column (WYMN) and third column (WNMY) represent disagreement about the occurrence of an event, and the fifth column contains the kappa statistic that assesses level of agreement. The rates indicate that the most common MFPV events reported by at least one person in the couple were pushing or shoving (13.5%) and grabbing (13.5%), followed by threw something that could hurt (8.5%). Rates of severe MFPV events were generally much lower than the rates of minor MFPV events. For example, less than 1% of couples reported male-to-female acts of burning or scalding, or using a knife or gun. When any type of MFPV is considered based on collaborated and uncollaborated reports (i.e., upper-bound estimate), 21.1% of couples had at least one type of event. NIH-PA Author Manuscript Agreement between partners, however, was low as indicated by the kappa statistics. For example, 3% of couples agreed that there was a...
