Sample Characteristics. For the formulation of the construct, we approached five international SDM experts to give feedback on our initial selection of domains, of which four responded and two also participated in the in-person meeting. For the feedback on the items, the same five international SDM experts were approached and three of them responded. In total, 153 patients and 16 physicians participated in this study (Table 1). For content validity testing, 14 patients initially provided informed consent and 12 of them completed the survey. Eleven of the 18 physicians who we approached participated. In total, 185 patients started with the field-test survey, and 133 completed it. Non-completers (N=52) did not significantly differ from completers regarding age, level of education, or gender. Ten patients provided informed consent to participate in the cognitive interviews of whom eight were interviewed. Five of the six physicians who we approached participated in the cognitive interviews.
Sample Characteristics. About 85% of women were in ‘free unions’, or common-law partnerships, and 15% were legally married (Table 1). Participants were between 18-49 years of age with an average age of 35 (SD 8.04). Women’s partners were between the ages of 24-65 with an average age of 40 (SD 10.35) years of age. The majority (61%) of women had partners that were older. Women had an average of 3 (SD 1.69) children living at home and had been displaced between 3-19 years with an average of 10 (SD 3.25) years. The majority of women (76%) and their partners (70%) had a secondary education or less. Over half of the women were with the same partner they had been with before being displaced. Only 4 women (12%) were not working. Women who were working often had several income- generating activities. The majority of women (88%) had worked in the prior month, either from home (21%), at an outside location (39%), or both (27%). Fifteen participants (45%) reported IPV by their current partner. Conceptual Framework Data from the interviews was organized into a conceptual framework consisting of four main components; (1) the contextual circumstances in which the women and their partners currently live, (2) women’s perceptions of gender normative behaviors for men and women, (3) men’s unemployment and women’s employment, and (4) intimate partner violence (Figure 1). These four domains reflect the influence of societal, community, interpersonal and personal factors on IPV as discussed in the IPV theories section above. Contextual circumstances of displacement and current living conditions, such as weakened social networks and a lack of employment opportunities contributed to stress and a lack of social support, which in turn created conflict within relationships. Within this setting, women and their partners still largely subscribed to patriarchal gender norms even though circumstances dictated changes in gender roles, most notable in men’s and women’s employment. The way in which couples’ employment was viewed as transgressive or conforming by each partner impacted the quality of the relationship and the occurrence of IPV.
Sample Characteristics. Sample characteristics are reported in table 1. A total of 3,581 participants were included in the reviewed studies. Sample sizes ranged from 23 participants (Xx & Xxxxx, 2020) to 744 participants (Xx Xxxxx et al., 2017). Participants included in the studies were aged 16 to 70 years. There was a strong trend towards participants being female. Ten of the 19 studies reported their sample as 100% female whereas the other 9 studies included male participants, although the proportion of males was still quite low ranging from 2% (Cardi et al., 2018) to 35% (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2012). In terms of clinical diagnosis, 6 studies included a sample of participants with AN only, and 3 studies included only participants with BED. The remaining studies involved more than one diagnosis, with 5 studies including participants with AN and BN and 2 studies involving all three conditions (i.e. AN, BN, BED). Only four studies reported duration of illness, which ranged from 7.1 years (Xxxxxx, Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2012) to 10.5 years (Cardi et al., 2014). The majority of studies (N = 14) reported the Body Mass Index for participants, which varied depending on the clinical group included (see table 1 for details).
Sample Characteristics. The mindfulness and the relaxation groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, and education. See Table 1 for an overview of the socio-demographic sample characteristics. Table 1- Participant socio-demographics of the mindfulness and relaxation groups Mindfulness (n= 20) Relaxation (n= 20) Comparison Age: M (SD) range 38.75 (11.80) (22-62) 38.25 (9.73) (27-60) t = .15 df= 38 p= .89 Gender: n (%) Female Males 14 (70%) 6 (30%) 14 (70%) 6 (30%) χ2 = .00 df = 1 p = 1.00 Marital status: n (%) Single Married/Cohabiting Separated/Divorced 13 (65%) 4 (20%) 3 (15%) 8 (40%) 7 (35%) 5 (25%) χ2 = 2.51 df = 2 p = .40 Ethnicity: n (%) White Black/Black British Mixed 15 (75%) 3 (15%) 2 (10%) 12 (60%) 8 (40%) 0 (0%) χ2 = 4.87 df = 2 p = .07 Education achieved: n (%) Secondary Tertiary BA/BSc Post-grad (Masters/PhD) 6 (30%) 14 (70%) 12 (60%) 2 (10%) 7 (35%) 13 (65%) 6 (30%) 7 (35%) χ2 = 4.86 df = 2 p = .09
Sample Characteristics. There were an equal number of men (n=9) and women (n=9) in each group and no group difference in age in years (t = -.62, df 34, p = .54 – see Table 1). In terms of current mental health, the groups did not differ on anxiety (t = 1.49, df 34, p = .15) or depression scores (t = .32, df 34, p = .75) as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (see Methods) which measures symptomatology over the past week - see Table 1) All but one participant scored in the normal to mild range on anxiety. One control participant scored in the moderate range. Table 1 Mean and Standard Deviation Age and Scores on Self-Report Measures Controls Meditators P value Mean SD Mean SD Age in years 37.9 7.2 39.6 9.2 p = .54 Verbal IQ 117.6 4.9 119.6 4.5 p = .2 HADS: Anxiety 4 3.8 2.5 1.9 p = .15 HADS: Depression 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.4 p = .75 NAS:Non-Attach 4.3 .68 4.9 .56 p = .005 FFMQ:Non-React 3.2 .77 3.9 .57 p = .003 FFMQ: Observe 3.9 .87 3.9 .58 p = .99 FFMQ: Aware 3.7 .56 3.7 .43 p = .74 FFMQ: Describe 3.9 .62 4 .63 p = .67 FFMQ: Non- Judge 3.3 .71 4.2 .49 p < .001 M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation; Verbal IQ was measured using the NART; HADS refers to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NAS refers to the Non-attachment Scale – see below; FFMQ refers to the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Short Form, and the 5 subscales – see below. Education status was measured in four categories being secondary, further, degree and postgraduate level. The groups did not significantly differ in terms of education status (χ2 = 3.85, df 3, p = .28). In addition, the groups did not differ in terms of Verbal IQ predicted from the National Adult Reading Test (Xxxxxx, 1982; t = -.13, df 34, p = .2; – see Table 1).
Sample Characteristics. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 pharmacists and 9 students (N=28, Table 2.1). Ten of the pharmacists and all of the students were from Dushanbe; 9 pharmacists from Kulob. The youngest participant was 21, the oldest was 52 (median=35). The majority of pharmacists (n=12) and students (n=5) were women.
Sample Characteristics. The average age was 19.4 years (standard deviation, 2.1). The sample was multiethnic, with 64% African American, 26% Hispanic, 6% Asian Pacific Islander, 3% White, and 1% Mixed or Other Ethnicity. Most (95%) were born in the United States. About three- quarters (78%) of participants had not completed high school, 80% were currently unemployed, 62% earned less than $500 in employment income during the past 30 days, 30% had unstable housing (e.g., living in a shelter, substance use treatment center, at a friend’s place, or on the streets), and 28% had a history of incarceration. Ten percent had completed sex reassignment surgery. For those in relationships, the average length of the relationship with a male primary partner was 2.9 years (standard deviation, 3.9). Fifty-nine percent of participants had been in their primary relationship for over 1 year. Over half (51%) currently lived with their male primary partner, and 62% described their relationship as monogamous. Since the beginning of the relationship with their male primary partner, 41% had ever had sex with an outside partner; 16% had sex with an outside partner during the past 3 months. Forty-one percent reported being HIV positive, and 13% had been diagnosed or showed symptoms for another sexually transmitted infection during the past 12 months. During the past 3 months, 58% used any alcohol, 32% had ever been intoxicated, 63% had used any illicit drugs, and 5% injected drugs. Drugs used most frequently during the past 3 months in this sample were marijuana (55%), ecstasy (15%), amphetamines (13%), and cocaine (10%). Fifty-nine percent met criteria for clinical depression. [Insert Table 1.0] HIV Knowledge Participants were asked if they strongly agreed (1), agreed (2), neither agreed nor disagreed (3), disagreed (4), or strongly disagreed (5). Scores for each question were obtained by calculating the mean (average) score using this numerical scale, so that a higher score indicated higher HIV knowledge or perception of risk. For questions assessing perceptions of risk, the lowest means were on the avoidance of HIV information question. For questions assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge, the two questions regarding cleaning syringes used to inject drugs and hormones had the lowest means overall. Due to the higher viscosity of injectable hormone medications, it is unlikely that cleaning syringes is effective in completely eliminating the transmission risk of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. The knowledge sco...
Sample Characteristics. Twelve parent-child dyads were excluded due to missing data; thus, 88 dyads were analyzed. Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. Participating children had a mean age of 14.5 (SD 2.2) years and were 71.6% female. Most parents were female (84.1%) and had a mean age of 45.8 (SD 6.7) years. Approximately half (51.1%) of participants reported an annual household income <$75,000. Major de- pressive disorder and phobia were the most common dis- orders endorsed by both parents and children, 60.2% and 52.3%, respectively (Table 2). Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample Mean (SD) Child age, years 14.5 (2.2) Child disability/impairment, WHODAS 2.0 2.40 (0.66) Parent age, years 45.8 (6.7) Parent psychosocial distress 65.3 (16.7) n (%) Female child 63 (71.6) Female parent 74 (84.1) Household income <$75,000 45 (51.1) Inpatient 35 (39.8) Table 2. Dyad responses on the MINI-KID Agreement Count (%) Disagreement Count (%) Parent: Yes Child: Yes Parent: No Child: No Parent: No Child: Yes Parent: Yes Child: No Major depressive disorder 53 (60.2) 13 (14.8) 9 (10.2) 13 (14.8) Generalized anxiety 41 (46.6) 14 (15.9) 10 (11.4) 23 (26.1) Separation anxiety 13 (14.8) 48 (54.5) 11 (12.5) 16 (18.2) Phobia 46 (52.3) 16 (18.2) 16 (18.2) 10 (11.4) ADHD 16 (18.2) 41 (46.6) 16 (18.2) 15 (17.0) Oppositional defiant/ conduct disorder 25 (28.4) 37 (42.0) 8 (9.1) 18 (20.5)
Sample Characteristics. As outlined earlier, 173 young people met study criteria for ‘pure’ psychosis, 1346 were classified as physically aggressive only, and 39 showed both patterns of difficulty. As these figures suggest, physical aggression was reported in approaching a fifth of all cases with diagnoses of psychosis (39/212, 18.4%); by contrast, only 2.9% of cases with marked aggressive symptomatology had evidence of psychosis (39/1385). Within the complete psychosis sample, rates of aggression were very similar in young people with affective psychosis (16.7% - 11/66) as compared to those with non-affective psychosis (19.2% - 28/146 χ2 (1) = 0.19, p=0.662).
Sample Characteristics. In considering the potential impact of an SSR, we focus on all the noncustodial fathers in our sample, and then consider effects for noncustodial fathers by income (below 100 percent of the federal poverty line, and below 200 percent of the federal poverty line).3 Child support guidelines are not generally applied differentially to divorced versus unmarried fathers. However, much of the related policy discussion has focused on low-income fathers who have not been married (e.g., Xxxxxxx, 2017; Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 2011). Accordingly, we also report results separately for fathers who owe support only for nonmarital births, and for fathers who owe support to at least some marital children. Table 1 provides information on the characteristics of each sample. Among all fathers, about half owe support only to children who were born outside of marriage. The rate of nonmarital births was higher (64 to 65 percent) for fathers with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Table 1 shows that fathers in our sample were about 38 years old on average, though lower income fathers, and fathers with only nonmarital births were, on average, younger. In the sample as a whole, 51 percent of fathers were white non-Hispanic, 21 percent were black non-Hispanic, and 14 percent were Hispanic (14 percent were other, or did not have race or ethnicity identified). There were fewer cases with unknown race or ethnicity among lower income samples (as expected, given greater program participation, and more extensive information in the MSPF data set). Among those with incomes below 100 percent of the poverty line, 42 percent were white non-Hispanic, 38 percent were black non-Hispanic and 18 percent were Hispanic (with only 2 percent other or unknown). For lower-income fathers, whites were under-represented, and blacks over-represented, among fathers who only owe support to nonmarital children. Just over half of fathers in our sample had one child, and only 18 percent had three or more. Fathers with some marital children were considerably less likely than the full 3Note that this subgroup ignores custodial parent income; those with low noncustodial parent income will include some custodial parents with low-income and some without low-income. Table 1: Characteristics of noncustodial fathers all noncustodial fathers Fathers with only nonmarital children Fathers with Any Marital children All Income below the FPL Income up to twice the FPL All Income below the FPL Income up to...
