Summary of Study. The Formulary Agent(s) to be provided:
Summary of Study. According to the Department of Human Resources “2007 Status of Oral Health in Georgia Report, “poor oral health is one of Georgia’s most pressing public health problems” (GDHR, 2007). Children living in rural areas of Georgia are disproportionately affected by dental problems due to limited access to care. The main barrier to dental care is lack of dental providers in rural, Southeast Georgia. To provide a safety net for its constituents the SEHD applied for and obtained a HRSA grant to implement a school-based teledentistry program. As part of the grant evaluation and to assess the practicality of teledentistry services a cost-effectiveness analysis of the program was conducted. The cost and healthcare outcome (number of children who received services) was compared to the cost and healthcare outcome of a local dental practice (traditional dentistry). In an attempt to illustrate all costs and benefits to society, an intangible cost, children’s self-esteem, was included in the analysis. Results were obtained by manually conducting common cost-effectiveness equations and by utilizing TreeAge Pro 2.0 software for the decision analysis and sensitivity analysis. The calculations showed that the teledentistry program is both cost-effective and cost saving when compared to traditional dentistry. The decision and sensitivity analyses showed that traditional dentistry had the best expected value (utility) when the intangible cost was excluded but teledentistry had the better expected value when the intangible cost was included. The sensitivity analysis illustrated that the intervention probabilities and estimated costs of both programs were realistic and therefore the overall cost-effectiveness analysis model was robust.
Summary of Study. Deaths resulting from drug overdoses are the leading cause of injury death in the United States and are often a result of nonmedical use or misuse of prescription opioids (CDC, 2014). Unintentional overdoses from prescription opioids have caused more deaths than overdoses from heroin and cocaine combined (CDC, 2011). In 2013, an estimated 4.5 million people over the age of 12 in the United States used prescription pain relievers for nonmedical purposes (SAMSHA, 2014). While strategies exist to combat this epidemic, current monitoring and surveillance systems in place do not provide officials with real-time data. Research shows that substantial changes have taken place over time in the geographic distribution of opioid-related mortality (Xxxxxxxx XX et al., 2008). A need exists for a public health platform to help public health workers predict where in the United States a rise in misuse or overdose may be occurring, so that evidence-informed strategies may be implemented as quickly as possible. This study examined the extent to which content of Twitter conversation (or "tweets") related to prescription opioid use reflects larger behavioral patterns and documented prescribing, overdose, and nonmedical use rates. It was designed to analyze how Twitter users describe prescription opioid use and misuse on Twitter, whether there were discernible state- specific trends in the quantity of tweets, and whether the variations in tweets by state reflected variations in prescribing rates. A search was conducted for all tweets mentioning keywords related to prescription opioids during a six-month period. The tweets were filtered to include only those originating from individuals discussing individual prescription opioid use and who could potentially be abusing the drugs, as evidenced by the number of tweets sent. The tweets were sorted by user- identified geographic location and qualitatively analyzed for content indicative of misuse according to four categories: overdose, dependence, co-ingestion, and seeking. Rates were calculated to determine the number of Twitter users tweeting about prescription opioid use per 100,000 Internet users in each state. The rates were compared to state-specific prescribing rates, nonmedical use rates, and overdose rates. Results demonstrated that Twitter users are engaging in conversation about prescription opioid use, and the majority mention behaviors that are indicative of misuse. A modest, statistically significant correlation betwee...
Summary of Study. Education remains a central component of any Nation’s developmental engine to harness its gains, education system need to be; clearly defined, legislatively protected from any political selfish dictates, owned by relevant stakeholders, adequately financed and constantly subjected to periodic technical consultation and reviews to meet the dynamic trends of ever changing world. The education system in Kenya is anchored in the constitution of Kenya 2010 which elaborate the provisions that touch on matters of education. The Fourth schedule, Part 1 and 2 allocate functions in management of education between National and County Governments. The research study sought to examine the cooperation between the two levels of Governments in the provision of ECDE, a case study of Nairobi County education sector. The key study research area that were sought were; examination of cooperative legal framework between the County and National government in provision of ECDE in Nairobi City County. Secondly establishment whether or not there exists cooperation between the two levels of governments in management of human resource in provision of ECDE in Nairobi City County. Thirdly sought to examine whether or not there exists cooperation mechanism between the two levels of government in ECDE infrastructure development and management. Finally examination of financial resource allocation between the two levels of government in provision of ECDE in Nairobi City County. The question perhaps that could be in the mind of many in regard to the study was, why a research study in cooperation between the two levels of governments in provision of ECDE? The reason is found first in devolution process in Kenya through the promulgation of the constitution of Kenya 2010 which made Government to exist at two levels. And the Fourth schedule, part 2 has the function of pre-primary education as a County government responsibility and that being the case, the Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) globally and Kenya in particular had been recognized as a crucial programme that lays a foundation for a child’s holistic and integrated education that meets the cognitive, social, spiritual, emotional, physical and developmental needs, this therefore generates interest considering the important role it plays in the cycle of learning as an entry point and foundation, thereby drawing attention on how it is managed in these era of devolution. The finding of the study showed that the majority of the res...
Summary of Study. Millions of laboratory employees are exposed to organic solvents on a daily basis while performing research. The prevention of occupational exposures requires a thorough knowledge of and appropriate attitude towards the effects of these solvents. A KAP survey was conducted among laboratory workers to find out the prevalence of good knowledge and appropriate attitude among them.
Summary of Study. Missing data in epidemiologic studies may impact the results of multivariate models. Depending on the pattern and amount of missing data, missing data can influence the conclusions of studies, especially those that use multivariate models. In most statistical software, multivariate models remove cases from analysis when missing data is present. This reduces the sample size and may lead to biased results. In situations where this is highly probable, an investigation of the impact of missing data will need to be performed. Most studies do not evaluate the impact of missing data. A study published by Fielding, et al.58 reported that 59% (36 out of 61 randomly selected studies) of studies with missing data published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, BMJ, and Lancet from 2005 to 2006 did not account for the potential impact that missing data may have on the conclusions of individual studies. Similarly, Xxxx, et al.8 reported that 89% (63 out of 71 randomly selected studies reviewed) published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, BMJ, and Lancet between July and December 2001 had missing data. Most of the studies (92%) applied complete-case analysis which is the default mode for statistical software when dealing with missing data. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of missing data on two case studies that used multivariate models. In Case study 1, Xxxxxxxx, et al.17 used multivariate models to evaluate the association between adherence and achievement of 25% lipid panel reductions (e.g., LDL, TC, and non-HDL). In Case study 2, Xxxxxxxxxxx, et al.18 used multiple linear regression to evaluate the association between GLP-1 agonists (exenatide or liraglutide) and HbA1c reduction. In both cases, complete-case analysis was performed in handling missing data; however, the impact of missing data was not evaluated.
Summary of Study. The Formulary Agent(s) to be provided: Formulary Agent(s) will be used in the following approved clinical trial: Formulary Agent(s) will be used in the following approved research proposal: The documents listed below must be on file at CTEP prior to Formulary Protocol approval and shipment of PMB-supplied Formulary Agent(s):
Summary of Study. The goal of this study was to complete a comprehensive review of literature related to distrust in the U.S. health care system, distrust in the medical profession, and distrust in the organ allocation system and the decision to donate organs among African Americans. Guided by the Conceptual Model of Health Care Distrust, and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 empirical studies were reviewed and analyzed in relation to the research questions. Articles were not segmented exclusively into categorizes, and as a result, many applied to more than one research question. The final breakdown was as follows: eight publications applied to distrust in the health care system, eight publications applied to distrust in the medical profession, and three publications applied to distrust in the organ allocation system. All 14 publications focused on cadaveric donation intentions and whether overall health care distrust was a factor in their decision by using quantitative questionnaires and surveys. All publications were based in the U.S. and had study samples of at least 15% participants who self-identified as African American. The collection of articles that focused on overall health care system distrust and the decision to donate organs among African Americans suggests that historical and current medical experiences affect whether African Americans are willing to donate organs. The cultural narrative born by decades of unethical treatment within the clinical and health care systems have made it challenging for many African Americans to believe that they will be treated the same as others or that they will receive the same access to health services.47,57 Similarly, the relationship between African American distrust in medical professionals in many cases is a strong factor as to whether African Americans will decide to donate organs.26 There is a vulnerability neccesary to seek medical treatment and to adhere to recommendations of care. When trust is not present with physicans or those who deliver care it is difficult for one to believe that their best interest will be prioritized. The literature reviewed suggests that an improvement in developing and rebuilding trust within these relationships is foundational to improving the state of African American organ donation. Lastly, it was generally suggested that feelings of distrust in the organ allocation system also prevents many African Americans from donating organs.51 Many question the fairness of the ...
Summary of Study. The goal of this trial is to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of stool vimentin methylation, serum galectin-3 ligand, and fecal immunochemical testing for 1) colorectal adenocarcinoma, or 2) screen relevant neoplasms (high-grade dysplasia or adenoma with 2:25% villous histologic features or adenoma measuring 2:1 cm in the greatest dimension or sessile serrated polyps measuring 1 cm or more in diameter) as single markers and in combination. Four thousand asymptomatic subjects aged 60 and older undergoing a first ever routine colonoscopic screening for colorectal cancer from U.S. community and major medical center outpatient settings across multiple centers and consortia will be recruited. An additional five thousand subjects age 50 and older undergoing routine colonoscopic screening for colorectal cancer will be recruited in Germany and Canada (non-US sites). Up to 9,000 subjects will be recruited in this protocol, adding to the 4,677 confirmed and evaluable subjects already recruited. Subjects will meet with research staff prior to initiation of any colonoscopic preparative procedure. After completing informed consent, they will complete Early Detection Research Network (EDR.i’-J) data element forms. Blood and urine will be obtained following EDR.i”‘J standard operating procedures (SOPs). Subjects will be provided with kits to collect stool samples for fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and stool tests. The collected samples will be shipped to the Central Laboratory at the University of Michigan or German Cancer Research Cxxxxx (Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx , XXXX), Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx where the stool will be homogenized , aliquoted, and stored at the Umiversity of Michigan CLASS laboratories. The FIT tests will be sent to the Central Laboratory at the University of Michigan or to DKFZ for quantitative analysis following standard operating procedures provided by Eiken Chemical Company. Data from the screening colonoscopy will be obtained. One year after colonoscopy, subjects will be contacted to determine if they have had a neoplastic colorectal diagnosis or other neoplastic events. Data management and protocol coordination will be performed by the Data Management and Coordinating Center (DMCC) of the EDRN along with the GLNE Prevention Research Base at the University of Michigan and will include a Web-based front end and relational database backend, with biosample tracking (VSIMS). Biosamples will be managed in a high quality repository facility ...
Summary of Study. The goals of this study was to describe characteristics within the current youth violence literature as it related to social systems and collaboration. The study sought to gain a better understanding of the current literature by reviewing literature published between the years 2005 and 2015 in the context of 4 elements identified as potential means to inform the goal of the study. Based inclusion and exclusion criteria, 76 articles were used to analyze information based on the four areas of interest using a coding form and driven by the social ecological framework. The data analysis methodology selected was descriptive statistics via data visualizations. This analysis found that over more than half of the articles described and or focused on addressing community level factors associated with youth violence, in contrast to few for societal level factors. Furthermore, articles describing or focused on community based settings accounted for most domination percentage of the total information captured. In terms of youth violence literature as it relates to public health services, overall intervention assessment and surveillance accounted for the majority of the information found between the years 2005 and 2015, policy accounted for the fewest distribution. Overall, most literature described and or focused on general youth violence. When each type of violence was compared by year, the most number of articles published in a 1-year interval was general youth violence.
