Study Setting. The study was carried out in a selected district site of Sehore in Madhya Pradesh State, India. Sehore district is one of the seven districts in Madhya Pradesh State, where the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) is implemented since 2007. Also, since 2011, UK-Aid funded PRIME programme is implemented in Sehore district in collaboration with the DMHP to integrate mental health service with primary health care (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore district is a research site for European Union funded Emerald programme that linked with the PRIME project in study sites in partner countries (Xxxxxx et al., 2015) . Therefore, the infrastructure to develop, implement and evaluate strategies for SU-CG involvement was already in place. Sehore District is a centrally located district next to Bhopal town which is the administrative capital of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal as the State capitol has State headquarters for the DMHP and the Directorate of Health Services. Madhya Pradesh is geographically the second largest state (administrative province) in India. Madhya Pradesh is situated in the central part of India and has a population of 72.5 million which accounts for 6 % of the India’s total population. Sehore District has a population of 1.3 million persons which is predominantly rural (81%) and the district covers an area of 6578 km2 (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). In Sehore District, there are seven tehsils and five development blocks. Tehsil is an administrative sub-unit of a district. The block headquarters are Ashta, Sehore, Ichhawar, Budhni and Nasrullaganj. There are 1072 villages in the district. The sex ratio of the district is 918 females per 1000 males and the literacy rate is 71.1%. The public health system in Sehore district comprises one district hospital, one urban civil hospital, and five community health centres (CHCs), one urban civil dispensary, 17 primary health centres, and 152 sub-health centres. The district has one psychiatrist and one clinical psychologist providing service at the district hospital two days ever week (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore DMHP provides out-patient service conducted by the DMHP Psychiatrist and clinical psychologist on alternate days. Mental health out-patient’s services are only available in CHCs supported by the PRIME programme in Sehore District; PRIME-DMHP has been providing collaborative services at 14 CHCs as a part of the PRIME programme. The PRIME programme completed its work in March 2019.
Study Setting. With a population of approximately 150 million and a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $610.1 (US), Bangladesh ranks 146th out of 187 countries in the Human Development Index. Bangladesh is a poor nation with a life expectancy at birth of 69.0 for females and 66.5 for males. The majority of the people are socially conservative and religiously and ethnically homogenous. The Gender Inequality Index (GII), which reflects the inequality between women and men in reproductive health, empowerment and employment, ranks Bangladesh in the bottom third (112th) out of 146 countries with rankings (0.550) (UNDP, 2011). Four villages in the Faridpur, Magura, and Rangpur districts were selected for the qualitative component of the study. Rangpur districts highlighted. One of the PIs of the larger study had been working in these villages since 1991. The four villages selected for the research were not randomly chosen; however, they are not atypical compared to others in rural Bangladesh. Additionally, the sites were selected because of the extensive existing data and the well-trained Bangladeshi researchers and international team that have been in the area since 1991. In 2009, women held various Figure 1: Map of Bangladesh with Faridpur, Magura, occupations including working on a farm, as vendors, at small factories or at rice processing centers. Prior research from these four villages has shown that 67 percent of currently married women under the age of 50 years reported experiencing physical violence perpetrated by their husbands (Schuler, Lenzi, & Xxxxx, 2011). Due to the reported high levels of IPV against women within marital relationships and the persistent gender imbalance rooted in Bangladeshi culture and society, the effects of power dynamics on women’s willingness to report their attitudes on IPV that they perceive to contradict the local norm must be furthered examined. The purpose of this study is to determine how power influences women’s reporting of violence in order to better understand IPV against women in the context of these women’s lives and to guide new methods of measuring violence within similar contexts where power dynamics greatly influence the reporting of IPV against women and personal attitudes about it.
Study Setting. The Philadelphia Health Department, also known as Health Center One, serves two purposes. It is the main hub for Division of Disease Control in the city, housing divisions such as disease surveillance, communicable disease, ambulatory health services and sexually transmitted disease. It also serves as one of the eight district health centers in Philadelphia offering only STD/HIV- related services. Health Center One is an ideal setting to conduct research on HIV prevention programs for several reasons. In 2015, this clinic tested and treated 20,546 people, 1,607 of them identifying as MSM, and 47% MSM patients identifying as Black. The clinic also identified 178 of new HIV cases, and 371 cases of either rectal chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. Furthermore, Health Center One receives significant funding from AACO specifically for HIV prevention programs. Finally, Health Center One is looking to expand prevention strategies in YBMSM that are in line with national HIV prevention strategies.
Study Setting. My Hao District is a peri-urban region of Xxxx Xxx Province in northern Vietnam, approximately 30 kilometers from Hanoi (Xxxxxxx et al., 2014). The federal government is a single-party state with the Communist Party of Vietnam in power. The federal Communist Party provides oversight into municipal governing efforts and engages ideologically with communities. One method of disseminating government-sanctioned news and propaganda is through the Voice of Vietnam, a national radio program that broadcasts over a village loudspeaker (Xxxxxxx et al., 2014). The local government also oversees mass social organizations such as the Youth Union, the Women’s Union, and the Peasant’s Union. There are also the previously discussed, legally sanctioned reconciliation groups at the commune level designed to resolve conflicts within families, which require no professional training (Xxxxxx et al., 2005). Interviews took place at two communes within My Hao District in Xxxx Xxx Province. The My Hao health officials, Emory University, and a Vietnamese non- governmental organization, the Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population (CCIHP), all collaborated previously on research projects. Emory University and CCIHP approached My Hao health officials for approval to conduct the study in the district. The Emory University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA) approved this project.
Study Setting. The 77 PHCCs in the metropolitan area of Makkah are divided into five sections. Three sections are urban and two rural. In order to represent areas with different economic and cultural backgrounds, a total of five PHCCs were randomly selected from the urban and rural parts. Alazizia Algharbia, Alrusaifa, and Jarwal PHCCs represented the urban side, while Jura'na and Abu'urwa PHCCs represented the rural side (see Appendix C for map of the participating PHCCs).
Study Setting. This site is in Tanzania, East Africa, bordering Kenya to the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Lake Victoria on the north-west, to the south Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique and its east coast is on the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro Region is the focus of the study – this is one of the 19 administrative regions in Tanzania, as shown below, with its main relief feature of the Kilimanjaro Mountain that rises to 5895m in the north of the region, between the Siha (a new district, not in map), Hai, Rombo and Moshi rural districts. Amongst the 1.6 million population of the region, demographic features of interest include a female excess (845,000 women and 795,000 men) and a young population: 37.8% aged 0-14 years, 55.1% aged 15- 64 and 7.0% aged 65 years and older (Tanzanian 2012 census data). This proportion of the population that is elderly is, however, the highest proportion of all Tanzanian Regions. In the region, 1.2 million are rural residents, 0.4 million urban. District of Kilimanjaro Region Population (Number) Number of Households Average Household Sex Ratio Men per Size 100 women Both Sexes Rombo District Council 260,963 59,871 4.4 91 Mwanga District Council 131,442 30,197 4.4 93 Same District Council 269,807 59,957 4.5 95 Moshi District Council 466,737 110,806 4.2 94 Hai District Council 210,533 50,648 4.2 95 Moshi Municipal Council 184,292 46,169 4 94 Siha District Council 116,313 27,205 4.3 94 Kilimanjaro Region 1,640,087 384,853 4.3 94 Tanzania, showing Kilimanjaro region Districts of Kilimanjaro Geo-mapping of the approximate residential location of ESCC patients diagnosed at KCMC but not residing in Moshi itself during 2005-10 is shown below.
Study Setting. From January 1 2007 to October 31 2008, surveillance for undifferentiated febrile illness was conducted by the Texas Department of Health and Cameron County and Webb County Health Departments. In Cameron County, surveillance was conducted at eight sites in three different cities: Brownsville, Texas (Brownsville Community Health Center, Valley Regional Medical Center and Valley Baptist Medical Center– Brownsville), Harlingen (Harlingen Medical Center, Valley Baptist Medical Center– Harlingen, Regional Academic Health Center’s Family Practice Residency Program and San Xxxxxx Medical Associates), and San Xxxxxx (Xxxxx Xxxxxxx Memorial Hospital and San Xxxxxx Medical Associates). In November 2006, surveillance started in Webb County at six sites in Laredo, Texas. City of Laredo Health Department (CLHD) conducted surveillance at the following sites: Laredo Medical Center, Doctors Hospital, Providence Surgical and Medical Hospital, Laredo Specialty Hospital, and Gateway Community Health Center. At each surveillance site, health care providers were informed about the Binational Infectious Disease Surveillance (BIDS) project through medical executive committees, infection control committees, and meetings of emergency room physicians. Incentives for participation included the provision of cost-free laboratory diagnostics for any patient who fit the case criteria. Informational packets (that included a description of the project, case definitions, laboratory requisition forms, disease of interest fact sheets and list of notifiable conditions) were distributed. BIDS staff periodically contacted key health care providers and personnel at each site to ensure proper logistical coordination and cooperation.
Study Setting. Participants recruited for the study had experience with TANF in urban areas of New York, Missouri, and Kansas. These states have diverse TANF policy environments, giving us the best chance to capture multiple, different experiences of our TANF policies of interest (Table 6). Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** TANF to Poverty Ratio The number of families on TANF for every 100 families in poverty per state 2019 42 10 11 Cash Benefits Amount of monetary benefits per state per month allocated to a family of three with no special circumstances 2018 789 429 292 Lifetime Time Limits The number of months in which an individual is eligible to receive TANF during his/her lifetime in that state 2019 60 24 45 Work - Related Sanctions The punitive financial measures taken against an individual or family for first failing to 2019 Benefit is reduced by the pro rata share of the noncompliant adult until compliance. Entire unit is ineligible for benefits until compliance or 3 months, Benefit is reduced by 50% for at least 10 weeks. Sanction Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** meet TANF work requirements. whichever is longer. ends when participant completes 4 consecutive weeks of participation in work activities for an average of 30 hours per week in the 10-week period. Child Support Sanctions The punitive financial measures taken against an individual or family for first failing to cooperate with child support requirements. 2019 The unit's benefit is reduced by 25% until compliance. Entire unit loses benefits for 3 months. The unit's benefit is reduced by 25% until compliance. Family Violence Work requirements exemptions for individuals who 2019 Can be exempted from work exemption. No work exemptions exist. Temporary work exemption Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** Option Exemptions meet TANF definitions of domestic violence victims. exists while the family undergoes intensive case management. Length of time and type of time limits extended for period in which the unit is fleeing from or receiving treatment for domestic violence or abuse. 2019 Lifetime limits can be waived for at least four months and are re- evaluated at least every six months. Lifetime limits can be extended for 6 months at a time. Lifetime limits can be extended on a case by case basis. *Data provided for most recent year available on the Welfare Rules Database. ** Unlike New York and Kansas, Missouri has not formally adopted the FVO,...
Study Setting. This is a secondary analysis of data collected from a study that was conducted in Uganda through a collaboration between Makerere University School of Public Health in Uganda, Center for Global Safe WASH (CGSW) at Emory University, and WaterAid. Uganda is located in the eastern part of Africa and its capital city is Kampala, which, along with the Wakiso and Mukono districts, make up the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). The GKMA is the most populated region of the country with Wakiso district having the highest population of about 2 million, followed by Kampala with an estimate of 1.5 million while Mukono district holds about 569,804 people (Ssekamatte et al, 2020).
Study Setting. Atlanta is facing epidemic proportions of HIV and AIDS, levels that are comparable to developing countries [71]. The number of HIV-positive of people living in Atlanta in 2015 was 32,818, 80% of which were men, and 70% African American [72]. Each year, approximately 1,700 diagnoses of HIV are made, increasing the burden on Atlanta’s healthcare system as it finds new and innovative ways to connect and maintain these patients in HIV care. Xxxxxxxxx et al researched the barriers to accessing care among HIV patients in Atlanta and found that day to day survival needs are the biggest burden patients face. The most significant needs that participants mentioned were housing, food and transportation [73]. In the male populations, stress and alcohol consumption played the biggest role in failure to access HIV services, while it was found that unmet service needs in women was associated with low medication adherence. Both men and women mentioned experiencing significant depressive symptoms, though neither group identified why they were experiencing these symptoms [73]. These researchers believe that investment in onsite referrals, follow-up and creation of social safety nets can help close some of the gaps in providing care to the Atlanta HIV positive community [73]. Managing the causes of the depression symptoms will also be imperative, and as we have explained, trauma can lead to depression and should be addressed as a component of HIV medical care. The study center for this work is a large, comprehensive Xxxx Xxxxx funded treatment center dedicated to treatment of HIV/AIDS in the United States (US). This center provides primary medicine and infectious disease subspecialty care for approximately 5000 patients per year with the support of doctors, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses and more than 100 staff. As a comprehensive treatment facility available services include: Primary medical care for men, women, adolescents, and children living with HIV/AIDS, transition centers for HIV-infected individuals with <200 CD4 cells, subspecialty care in dermatology, hepatitis C, mental health/substance abuse treatment, ophthalmology, and oral health, case management, adherence counseling, nutrition, on-site radiology, laboratory, pharmacy, and peer counseling. Additionally, this facility is partnered with community organizations which aid patients in locating housing, food, legal services and more. The comprehensive care structure provided at this center render...