Study Setting. The study was carried out in a selected district site of Sehore in Madhya Pradesh State, India. Sehore district is one of the seven districts in Madhya Pradesh State, where the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) is implemented since 2007. Also, since 2011, UK-Aid funded PRIME programme is implemented in Sehore district in collaboration with the DMHP to integrate mental health service with primary health care (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore district is a research site for European Union funded Emerald programme that linked with the PRIME project in study sites in partner countries (Xxxxxx et al., 2015) . Therefore, the infrastructure to develop, implement and evaluate strategies for SU-CG involvement was already in place. Sehore District is a centrally located district next to Bhopal town which is the administrative capital of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal as the State capitol has State headquarters for the DMHP and the Directorate of Health Services. Madhya Pradesh is geographically the second largest state (administrative province) in India. Madhya Pradesh is situated in the central part of India and has a population of 72.5 million which accounts for 6 % of the India’s total population. Sehore District has a population of 1.3 million persons which is predominantly rural (81%) and the district covers an area of 6578 km2 (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). In Sehore District, there are seven tehsils and five development blocks. Tehsil is an administrative sub-unit of a district. The block headquarters are Ashta, Sehore, Ichhawar, Budhni and Nasrullaganj. There are 1072 villages in the district. The sex ratio of the district is 918 females per 1000 males and the literacy rate is 71.1%. The public health system in Sehore district comprises one district hospital, one urban civil hospital, and five community health centres (CHCs), one urban civil dispensary, 17 primary health centres, and 152 sub-health centres. The district has one psychiatrist and one clinical psychologist providing service at the district hospital two days ever week (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore DMHP provides out-patient service conducted by the DMHP Psychiatrist and clinical psychologist on alternate days. Mental health out-patient’s services are only available in CHCs supported by the PRIME programme in Sehore District; PRIME-DMHP has been providing collaborative services at 14 CHCs as a part of the PRIME programme. The PRIME programme completed its work in March 2019.
Study Setting. From January 1 2007 to October 31 2008, surveillance for undifferentiated febrile illness was conducted by the Texas Department of Health and Cameron County and Webb County Health Departments. In Cameron County, surveillance was conducted at eight sites in three different cities: Brownsville, Texas (Brownsville Community Health Center, Valley Regional Medical Center and Valley Baptist Medical Center– Brownsville), Harlingen (Harlingen Medical Center, Valley Baptist Medical Center– Harlingen, Regional Academic Health Center’s Family Practice Residency Program and San Xxxxxx Medical Associates), and San Xxxxxx (Xxxxx Xxxxxxx Memorial Hospital and San Xxxxxx Medical Associates). In November 2006, surveillance started in Webb County at six sites in Laredo, Texas. City of Laredo Health Department (CLHD) conducted surveillance at the following sites: Laredo Medical Center, Doctors Hospital, Providence Surgical and Medical Hospital, Laredo Specialty Hospital, and Gateway Community Health Center. At each surveillance site, health care providers were informed about the Binational Infectious Disease Surveillance (BIDS) project through medical executive committees, infection control committees, and meetings of emergency room physicians. Incentives for participation included the provision of cost-free laboratory diagnostics for any patient who fit the case criteria. Informational packets (that included a description of the project, case definitions, laboratory requisition forms, disease of interest fact sheets and list of notifiable conditions) were distributed. BIDS staff periodically contacted key health care providers and personnel at each site to ensure proper logistical coordination and cooperation.
Study Setting. Atlanta is facing epidemic proportions of HIV and AIDS, levels that are comparable to developing countries [71]. The number of HIV-positive of people living in Atlanta in 2015 was 32,818, 80% of which were men, and 70% African American [72]. Each year, approximately 1,700 diagnoses of HIV are made, increasing the burden on Atlanta’s healthcare system as it finds new and innovative ways to connect and maintain these patients in HIV care. Xxxxxxxxx et al researched the barriers to accessing care among HIV patients in Atlanta and found that day to day survival needs are the biggest burden patients face. The most significant needs that participants mentioned were housing, food and transportation [73]. In the male populations, stress and alcohol consumption played the biggest role in failure to access HIV services, while it was found that unmet service needs in women was associated with low medication adherence. Both men and women mentioned experiencing significant depressive symptoms, though neither group identified why they were experiencing these symptoms [73]. These researchers believe that investment in onsite referrals, follow-up and creation of social safety nets can help close some of the gaps in providing care to the Atlanta HIV positive community [73]. Managing the causes of the depression symptoms will also be imperative, and as we have explained, trauma can lead to depression and should be addressed as a component of HIV medical care. The study center for this work is a large, comprehensive Xxxx Xxxxx funded treatment center dedicated to treatment of HIV/AIDS in the United States (US). This center provides primary medicine and infectious disease subspecialty care for approximately 5000 patients per year with the support of doctors, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurses and more than 100 staff. As a comprehensive treatment facility available services include: Primary medical care for men, women, adolescents, and children living with HIV/AIDS, transition centers for HIV-infected individuals with <200 CD4 cells, subspecialty care in dermatology, hepatitis C, mental health/substance abuse treatment, ophthalmology, and oral health, case management, adherence counseling, nutrition, on-site radiology, laboratory, pharmacy, and peer counseling. Additionally, this facility is partnered with community organizations which aid patients in locating housing, food, legal services and more. The comprehensive care structure provided at this center render...
Study Setting. Data were collected from all seven geographic sections, here on referred to as Traditional Authorities (TA), of Ntchisi district, Malawi. The formative research for the stunting prevention program was published in 2015. This paper titled “Identifying the Sociocultural Barriers and Facilitating Factors to Nutrition-Related Behavior Change: Formative Research for a Stunting Prevention Program in Ntchisi, Malawi” written by Xxxxxx et al. presents a descriptive analysis of the population in Ntchisi, which is summarized below [14]. Ntchisi district has approximately 250,000 residents [14]. Ntchisi district is an agrarian economy, Seventy percent of community members indicated that agricultural is their primary source of income [14]. In Ntchisi, 6.4% of the population had access to electricity, which is significant because access to modern energy is often used as a proxy indicator of rural development and improved livelihoods [14, 71]. In addition to the high stunting rate (58.1%), the children under 5 in Ntchisi, face many health challenges: the area is malaria endemic, there is also a high prevalence of child anemia (64%) and diarrhea (20%) [14]. Nearly all children living in Ntchisi under the age of 2 years are breastfed (99%) [14]. This high percentage is reduced as children age, only 71% are exclusively breastfed until 6 months, and 76.8% are continuously breastfed until 2 years of age [14]. There is a significant gap between the recommended nutritional content of complementary foods and what children in Malawi are consuming, as verified by Post-Distribution Monitoring results [52]. There is a high reliance on the nutrient-lacking staple food, ntshmia. Ntshima is a dish made from maize flour and water. It is the primary food offered to children during the complementary feeding period in Ntchisi [14].
Study Setting. Participants recruited for the study had experience with TANF in urban areas of New York, Missouri, and Kansas. These states have diverse TANF policy environments, giving us the best chance to capture multiple, different experiences of our TANF policies of interest (Table 6). Table 6. New York, Missouri, and Kansas State TANF Policies by Year Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** TANF to Poverty Ratio The number of families on TANF for every 100 families in poverty per state 2019 42 10 11 Cash Benefits Amount of monetary benefits per state per month allocated to a family of three with no special circumstances 2018 789 429 292 Lifetime Time Limits The number of months in which an individual is eligible to receive TANF during his/her lifetime in that state 2019 60 24 45 Work - Related Sanctions The punitive financial measures taken against an individual or family for first failing to 2019 Benefit is reduced by the pro rata share of the noncompliant adult until compliance. Entire unit is ineligible for benefits until compliance or 3 months, Benefit is reduced by 50% for at least 10 weeks. Sanction Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** meet TANF work requirements. whichever is longer. ends when participant completes 4 consecutive weeks of participation in work activities for an average of 30 hours per week in the 10-week period. Child Support Sanctions The punitive financial measures taken against an individual or family for first failing to cooperate with child support requirements. 2019 The unit's benefit is reduced by 25% until compliance. Entire unit loses benefits for 3 months. The unit's benefit is reduced by 25% until compliance. Family Violence Work requirements exemptions for individuals who 2019 Can be exempted from work exemption. No work exemptions exist. Temporary work exemption Policy Description Year* State New York Kansas Missouri** Option Exemptions meet TANF definitions of domestic violence victims. exists while the family undergoes intensive case management. Length of time and type of time limits extended for period in which the unit is fleeing from or receiving treatment for domestic violence or abuse. 2019 Lifetime limits can be waived for at least four months and are re- evaluated at least every six months. Lifetime limits can be extended for 6 months at a time. Lifetime limits can be extended on a case by case basis. *Data provided for most recent year available on the Welfare Rules Database. ** Un...
Study Setting. Participants were recruited from a displaced community of about 100 households on the outskirts of Cartagena, Colombia. The community was established in 2006 by a local grass-roots organization, Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas (LMD). With seed money from the U.S. government, the United Nations, and other private and public funds, displaced women were trained in brick building and helped to construct their own homes. The community is unusual in that women have sole ownership of their homes; husbands or common-law partners may not sell the home as they can with any other joint property. LMD works closely with the community on a variety of projects addressing issues of human rights, security, empowerment, and violence and also provides education and job training opportunities. Recruitment and Consent Process We recruited 33 partnered women aged 18 to 49 years, who were living in the target community, Spanish-speaking, and able to get to the interview location. Partnered women included those who were currently married or cohabitating. Efforts were made to recruit women with a range of characteristics that potentially influence relationship dynamics and IPV perpetration, including time since displacement, age, and marital status. Women were invited to participate through the LMD using a “gatekeeper” strategy in which potential participants were identified based on personal knowledge of community members (World Health Organization, 2007). In past research activities, community members had indicated a preference for interviewers to come from within the community.2 Two women from LMD who had prior research experience were selected by the principal investigator to act as both recruiters and interviewers. The LMD women were well known to women in the community and were involved in numerous LMD activities. Potential participants were approached by the recruiters before or after LMD activities, within the community, and at their homes and given a brief general description of the project. If women agreed to participate, the recruiters provided the participants with a detailed description of the research project, risks and benefits of participating, confidentiality procedures, and contact information for the research team. Participants were consented in front of a witness (who was not present for the details shared with the participant) and the interview was then scheduled at the convenience of the participant; usually within 1-2 days. Consent information was reviewed again...
Study Setting. The 77 PHCCs in the metropolitan area of Makkah are divided into five sections. Three sections are urban and two rural. In order to represent areas with different economic and cultural backgrounds, a total of five PHCCs were randomly selected from the urban and rural parts. Alazizia Algharbia, Alrusaifa, and Jarwal PHCCs represented the urban side, while Jura'na and Abu'urwa PHCCs represented the rural side (see Appendix C for map of the participating PHCCs).
Study Setting. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with a population of 26,534,504 (July 2012 est.) and land area of 2,250,000 km², is located in Southwest Asia (see Appendix A for map). It is the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula and home to the two holiest cities of Muslims, Makkah and Madinah. Islam is the official religion. In terms of origin, Saudis are 90% Arab and 10% Afro-Asian. In the past, the economy of the KSA depended on revenues from pilgrims visiting the holy cities, cattle-raising, and minor agriculture. Now, with oil production, the economy has become more industrialized. These economic changes and modernization have led to lifestyle changes among the Saudi population over the last four decades. Saudi Arabia's population is young. About 50% of the people are under age 24. The population's average age is 22. The literacy rate is 86.6% (2010 est.), and the birth rate is 19.2 births per 1,000 population (2012 est.). Saudi Arabia is highly urbanized (85%) and Saudis have a life expectancy of about 74.35 years. In comparison, four decades ago, 50% of people lived in rural areas with lower life expectancy. The country has also achieved low levels of fertility and infant mortality. The total fertility rate is about 2.3 and the infant mortality rate is about 15.5 (The Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Makkah, which is the holy capital of Muslims, is located in the western part of the KSA. Its population is 1,500,000. Its history goes back 4,000 years, when pilgrims first started going to perform Hajj (the pilgrimage to Makkah), which Muslims have been performing since 630 CE. In 2012, about 10,000,000 visitors went to Makkah for religious rituals. The government offers health care free to Saudi citizens and some foreigners through three levels of health services: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary health care centers (PHCC) provide health care services in cities and rural areas. Each neighborhood or group of neighborhoods has a PHCC. Activities like health education, treatment of common and chronic diseases, vaccinations, prenatal care, and screening programs take place in PHCCs. A number of visitors also go only for administrative purposes, such as to register their records or update their files when, for example, they have a new baby or change their address. The 77 PHCCs in the metropolitan area of Makkah are divided into five sections. Three sections are urban and two rural.
Study Setting. The Philadelphia Health Department, also known as Health Center One, serves two purposes. It is the main hub for Division of Disease Control in the city, housing divisions such as disease surveillance, communicable disease, ambulatory health services and sexually transmitted disease. It also serves as one of the eight district health centers in Philadelphia offering only STD/HIV- related services. Health Center One is an ideal setting to conduct research on HIV prevention programs for several reasons. In 2015, this clinic tested and treated 20,546 people, 1,607 of them identifying as MSM, and 47% MSM patients identifying as Black. The clinic also identified 178 of new HIV cases, and 371 cases of either rectal chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. Furthermore, Health Center One receives significant funding from AACO specifically for HIV prevention programs. Finally, Health Center One is looking to expand prevention strategies in YBMSM that are in line with national HIV prevention strategies.
Study Setting. The analysis in this study used data from the 2011 “Project Espoir”, which translates to mean “Project Hope.” This was a collaboration among CARE USA, CARE Mali and Emory University. The study took place in two health districts in Mali - Bankaas and Bandiagara. The Bankass health district was designated as the intervention group and the Badiangara as the control group. Both sites are located in the Dogon territory of Mali.
