Study Setting. The study was carried out in a selected district site of Sehore in Madhya Pradesh State, India. Sehore district is one of the seven districts in Madhya Pradesh State, where the District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) is implemented since 2007. Also, since 2011, UK-Aid funded PRIME programme is implemented in Sehore district in collaboration with the DMHP to integrate mental health service with primary health care (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore district is a research site for European Union funded Emerald programme that linked with the PRIME project in study sites in partner countries (Xxxxxx et al., 2015) . Therefore, the infrastructure to develop, implement and evaluate strategies for SU-CG involvement was already in place. Sehore District is a centrally located district next to Bhopal town which is the administrative capital of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal as the State capitol has State headquarters for the DMHP and the Directorate of Health Services. Madhya Pradesh is geographically the second largest state (administrative province) in India. Madhya Pradesh is situated in the central part of India and has a population of 72.5 million which accounts for 6 % of the India’s total population. Sehore District has a population of 1.3 million persons which is predominantly rural (81%) and the district covers an area of 6578 km2 (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). In Sehore District, there are seven tehsils and five development blocks. Tehsil is an administrative sub-unit of a district. The block headquarters are Ashta, Sehore, Ichhawar, Budhni and Nasrullaganj. There are 1072 villages in the district. The sex ratio of the district is 918 females per 1000 males and the literacy rate is 71.1%. The public health system in Sehore district comprises one district hospital, one urban civil hospital, and five community health centres (CHCs), one urban civil dispensary, 17 primary health centres, and 152 sub-health centres. The district has one psychiatrist and one clinical psychologist providing service at the district hospital two days ever week (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2015). Sehore DMHP provides out-patient service conducted by the DMHP Psychiatrist and clinical psychologist on alternate days. Mental health out-patient’s services are only available in CHCs supported by the PRIME programme in Sehore District; PRIME-DMHP has been providing collaborative services at 14 CHCs as a part of the PRIME programme. The PRIME programme completed its work in March 2019.
Study Setting. This site is in Tanzania, East Africa, bordering Kenya to the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Lake Victoria on the north-west, to the south Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique and its east coast is on the Indian Ocean. Kilimanjaro Region is the focus of the study – this is one of the 19 administrative regions in Tanzania, as shown below, with its main relief feature of the Kilimanjaro Mountain that rises to 5895m in the north of the region, between the Siha (a new district, not in map), Hai, Rombo and Moshi rural districts. Amongst the 1.6 million population of the region, demographic features of interest include a female excess (845,000 women and 795,000 men) and a young population: 37.8% aged 0-14 years, 55.1% aged 15- 64 and 7.0% aged 65 years and older (Tanzanian 2012 census data). This proportion of the population that is elderly is, however, the highest proportion of all Tanzanian Regions. In the region, 1.2 million are rural residents, 0.4 million urban. District of Kilimanjaro Region Population (Number) Number of Households Average Household Sex Ratio Men per Size 100 women Both Sexes Rombo District Council 260,963 59,871 4.4 91 Mwanga District Council 131,442 30,197 4.4 93 Same District Council 269,807 59,957 4.5 95 Moshi District Council 466,737 110,806 4.2 94 Hai District Council 210,533 50,648 4.2 95 Moshi Municipal Council 184,292 46,169 4 94 Siha District Council 116,313 27,205 4.3 94 Kilimanjaro Region 1,640,087 384,853 4.3 94 Tanzania, showing Kilimanjaro region Districts of Kilimanjaro Geo-mapping of the approximate residential location of ESCC patients diagnosed at KCMC but not residing in Moshi itself during 2005-10 is shown below.
Study Setting. This is a secondary analysis of data collected from a study that was conducted in Uganda through a collaboration between Makerere University School of Public Health in Uganda, Center for Global Safe WASH (CGSW) at Emory University, and WaterAid. Uganda is located in the eastern part of Africa and its capital city is Kampala, which, along with the Wakiso and Mukono districts, make up the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). The GKMA is the most populated region of the country with Wakiso district having the highest population of about 2 million, followed by Kampala with an estimate of 1.5 million while Mukono district holds about 569,804 people (Ssekamatte et al, 2020).
Study Setting. Data were collected from all seven geographic sections, here on referred to as Traditional Authorities (TA), of Ntchisi district, Malawi. The formative research for the stunting prevention program was published in 2015. This paper titled “Identifying the Sociocultural Barriers and Facilitating Factors to Nutrition-Related Behavior Change: Formative Research for a Stunting Prevention Program in Ntchisi, Malawi” written by Xxxxxx et al. presents a descriptive analysis of the population in Ntchisi, which is summarized below [14]. Ntchisi district has approximately 250,000 residents [14]. Ntchisi district is an agrarian economy, Seventy percent of community members indicated that agricultural is their primary source of income [14]. In Ntchisi, 6.4% of the population had access to electricity, which is significant because access to modern energy is often used as a proxy indicator of rural development and improved livelihoods [14, 71]. In addition to the high stunting rate (58.1%), the children under 5 in Ntchisi, face many health challenges: the area is malaria endemic, there is also a high prevalence of child anemia (64%) and diarrhea (20%) [14]. Nearly all children living in Ntchisi under the age of 2 years are breastfed (99%) [14]. This high percentage is reduced as children age, only 71% are exclusively breastfed until 6 months, and 76.8% are continuously breastfed until 2 years of age [14]. There is a significant gap between the recommended nutritional content of complementary foods and what children in Malawi are consuming, as verified by Post-Distribution Monitoring results [52]. There is a high reliance on the nutrient-lacking staple food, ntshmia. Ntshima is a dish made from maize flour and water. It is the primary food offered to children during the complementary feeding period in Ntchisi [14].
Study Setting. This study took place in three lymphatic filariasis (LF) endemic countries: Burkina Faso, Malawi and Uganda, six months following MDAs that occurred in each country between 2013 – 2014. In 2013, Burkina Faso’s total population requiring MDA was 17,322,796 people and 11,664,010 were targeted for MDA. In Malawi, 14,989,401 people required MDA and all were targeted for treatment. In Uganda, 14,875,650 people required treatment, and 11,277,331 were targeted (30). By 2014, Malawi had become the second country in the region to move into the post-MDA surveillance phase after distributing treatment in all implementing units (IU) and reaching coverage targets. Burkina Faso and Uganda continued to require MDA. Burkina Faso was one of 22 countries that reached 100% geographical coverage and was on track to eliminate LF as a public health problem by 2020. However, Uganda reported meeting 89% geographical coverage, and remained one of 23 countries that did not reach 100% geographical coverage and was not on track for elimination by 2020 (31).
Study Setting. Participants were recruited from a displaced community of about 100 households on the outskirts of Cartagena, Colombia. The community was established in 2006 by a local grass-roots organization, Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas (LMD). With seed money from the U.S. government, the United Nations, and other private and public funds, displaced women were trained in brick building and helped to construct their own homes. The community is unusual in that women have sole ownership of their homes; husbands or common-law partners may not sell the home as they can with any other joint property. LMD works closely with the community on a variety of projects addressing issues of human rights, security, empowerment, and violence and also provides education and job training opportunities. Recruitment and Consent Process We recruited 33 partnered women aged 18 to 49 years, who were living in the target community, Spanish-speaking, and able to get to the interview location. Partnered women included those who were currently married or cohabitating. Efforts were made to recruit women with a range of characteristics that potentially influence relationship dynamics and IPV perpetration, including time since displacement, age, and marital status. Women were invited to participate through the LMD using a “gatekeeper” strategy in which potential participants were identified based on personal knowledge of community members (World Health Organization, 2007). In past research activities, community members had indicated a preference for interviewers to come from within the community.2 Two women from LMD who had prior research experience were selected by the principal investigator to act as both recruiters and interviewers. The LMD women were well known to women in the community and were involved in numerous LMD activities. Potential participants were approached by the recruiters before or after LMD activities, within the community, and at their homes and given a brief general description of the project. If women agreed to participate, the recruiters provided the participants with a detailed description of the research project, risks and benefits of participating, confidentiality procedures, and contact information for the research team. Participants were consented in front of a witness (who was not present for the details shared with the participant) and the interview was then scheduled at the convenience of the participant; usually within 1-2 days. Consent information was reviewed again...
Study Setting. The study population consisted of US veterans who obtain medical care at the AVAMC. The AVAMC is a large, integrated healthcare system with approximately 200 inpatient beds, eight community-based outpatient clinics, and one nursing home care unit. Approximately 82,000 veterans receive care through the AVAMC and account for over 30,000 annual bed days of care at the acute care facility. All AVAMC medical facilities utilize the VA’s computerized patient records system (CPRS) to access medical information. The AVAMC uses one central microbiology laboratory that receives specimens from the surrounding VA outpatient clinics, nursing home, and acute care facility. Most veterans at the AVAMC do not have private insurance coverage and rely solely on the VA for their medical needs.
Study Setting. The analysis in this study used data from the 2011 “Project Espoir”, which translates to mean “Project Hope.” This was a collaboration among CARE USA, CARE Mali and Emory University. The study took place in two health districts in Mali - Bankaas and Bandiagara. The Bankass health district was designated as the intervention group and the Badiangara as the control group. Both sites are located in the Dogon territory of Mali.
Study Setting. The Philadelphia Health Department, also known as Health Center One, serves two purposes. It is the main hub for Division of Disease Control in the city, housing divisions such as disease surveillance, communicable disease, ambulatory health services and sexually transmitted disease. It also serves as one of the eight district health centers in Philadelphia offering only STD/HIV- related services. Health Center One is an ideal setting to conduct research on HIV prevention programs for several reasons. In 2015, this clinic tested and treated 20,546 people, 1,607 of them identifying as MSM, and 47% MSM patients identifying as Black. The clinic also identified 178 of new HIV cases, and 371 cases of either rectal chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. Furthermore, Health Center One receives significant funding from AACO specifically for HIV prevention programs. Finally, Health Center One is looking to expand prevention strategies in YBMSM that are in line with national HIV prevention strategies.
Study Setting. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with a population of 26,534,504 (July 2012 est.) and land area of 2,250,000 km², is located in Southwest Asia (see Appendix A for map). It is the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula and home to the two holiest cities of Muslims, Makkah and Madinah. Islam is the official religion. In terms of origin, Saudis are 90% Arab and 10% Afro-Asian. In the past, the economy of the KSA depended on revenues from pilgrims visiting the holy cities, cattle-raising, and minor agriculture. Now, with oil production, the economy has become more industrialized. These economic changes and modernization have led to lifestyle changes among the Saudi population over the last four decades. Saudi Arabia's population is young. About 50% of the people are under age 24. The population's average age is 22. The literacy rate is 86.6% (2010 est.), and the birth rate is 19.2 births per 1,000 population (2012 est.). Saudi Arabia is highly urbanized (85%) and Saudis have a life expectancy of about 74.35 years. In comparison, four decades ago, 50% of people lived in rural areas with lower life expectancy. The country has also achieved low levels of fertility and infant mortality. The total fertility rate is about 2.3 and the infant mortality rate is about 15.5 (The Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Makkah, which is the holy capital of Muslims, is located in the western part of the KSA. Its population is 1,500,000. Its history goes back 4,000 years, when pilgrims first started going to perform Hajj (the pilgrimage to Makkah), which Muslims have been performing since 630 CE. In 2012, about 10,000,000 visitors went to Makkah for religious rituals. The government offers health care free to Saudi citizens and some foreigners through three levels of health services: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary health care centers (PHCC) provide health care services in cities and rural areas. Each neighborhood or group of neighborhoods has a PHCC. Activities like health education, treatment of common and chronic diseases, vaccinations, prenatal care, and screening programs take place in PHCCs. A number of visitors also go only for administrative purposes, such as to register their records or update their files when, for example, they have a new baby or change their address. The 77 PHCCs in the metropolitan area of Makkah are divided into five sections. Three sections are urban and two rural.
