Setting the scene. The Nicaragua and Xxxxx tests Any discussion of control-based attribution tests must begin with a review of the cases which have defined the debate for the past decades: the ICJ’s Nicaragua judgment from 1986, the ICTY Appeals Chamber’s 1999 verdict 5 In the same vein, ‘control tests’ or ‘control-based attribution tests’ are used to describe the various solutions developed by courts, with the understanding that at least some of these tests may be based on factors other than control.
Setting the scene. AI and people’s interactions with it do not fit neatly into paradigms of communication theory that have focussed on human–human communication.2334 The same can be said about the legal protection with respect to the confidentiality of human-machine communication. The AI discipline natural lan- guage processing (NLP) provides powerful means to analyse voice and speech data obtained by means of human-machine communications, in particular when combined with classification tech- niques adopted in the AI discipline machine learning (ML). With NLP and ML, rather sensitive in- formation can be derived from human speech and other acoustic elements in recorded audio. In addi- tion to the linguistic content of speech, a speaker’s voice characteristics and manner of expression may contain a rich array of personal information, including clues with regard to the speaker’s bio- metric identity, personality, physical traits, geographical origin, level of intoxication and sleepiness, 2333 In addition to other legal problems that are inextricably linked to it (emotion data, location data and neurodata prob- lems). 2334 Xxxxxx X Xxxxxx, Xxxx X Xxxxx, ‘Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human-Machine Communication agenda’ (2020) Vol 22 Iss 1 New Media & Society 70-86. age, gender, health condition and even an individual’s socioeconomic status.2335 In addition, speech- based emotion recognition systems powered by the AI discipline affective computing (AC) measure and quantify emotions of a person by observing speech signals of this person.2336 Research has demon- strated specific associations between emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, joy and features of speech such as pitch, voice level and speech rate.2337 Amazon’s patented technology enabling the virtual as- sistant Alexa to recognise the user’s emotional state derived from the user’s voice constitutes a prac- tical example of this (see Section 4.9.3).2338 Likewise, tech companies may intercept interpersonal communication. For example, a former Apple employee revealed that he had listened to hundreds of Siri recordings every day, including unintended recordings, for the purpose of quality control.2339 These recordings concerned sensitive interpersonal communications such as discussions between doctors and patients, business deals, seemingly criminal acts and sexual encounters.2340 This is not an exception, and press coverage points to similar practices at Google2341 and Amazon2342 (see Section 4.9.3). In addit...
Setting the scene. The right of access is arguably the most important data subject right. The CJEU repeatedly stressed the relevance of this right as a prerequisite to other data protection rights.2383 Article 15 (3) GDPR, which forms part2384 of this highly important data subject right, empowers the data subject to obtain a copy of the personal data undergoing processing. As mentioned in Section 3.3.4.1, the concept of a ‘copy’ is not defined in the GDPR. The CJEU ruled that a ‘copy’ refers to the ‘faithful reproduction or transcription’ of an original. A purely general description of the data undergoing processing or a reference to categories of personal data does not correspond to that definition.2385 In addition, the right to obtain a copy not only includes personal data collected by the controller, but also information 2383 Case C-579/21, Pankki S [2023] ECR I-501 paras 56-58; Case C-487/21, F.F. [2022] ECR I-1000 paras 34-35; Case C-434/16, Xxxxx [2017] ECR I-994 para 57; Joined Cases C-141/12 & C-372/12, YS, M [2014] ECR I-2081 para 44; Case C-553/07 Rijkeboer [2009] ECR I-03889, para 51. 2384 Case C-487/21, F.F. [2022] ECR I-1000 para 30. 2385 Case C-487/21, F.F. [2022] ECR I-1000 para 21.
Setting the scene. Key focus of Deliverable 3 is the design of the Operational plan for the proposed Greek Industry 4 .0 strategy as it was proposed in Deliverable 2. This essentially means that the Operational plan seeks to act as the implementation vehicle of the Industry 4.0 strategy, setting out the initiatives and priorities within the Industrial ecosystem of Greece, the will be implemented through the collaboration of key stakeholders from the Greek Public and Private sector, including Research institutions, academia and other relevant actors within it. Based on the above, the Operational plan includes initiatives that will be rolled out for each of the six pillars of the suggested Industry 4.0 strategy for Greece, as per below. For each of the pillars, the initiatives aim to drastically upgrade the Greek industrial ecosystem and assist enterprises and the human workforce within it with the right tools and training in order to make the leap to the Digital Age as swiftly and efficiently as possible: • Digital skills & human capital qualifications • Innovation & start-up supporting mechanisms in the Digital Age • Collaboration & synergies • Standardisation & Norms • Regulatory Environment • Acceleration of investment in digital technologies Moreover, Deliverable 3 includes a further elaboration on three “High priority cases”, which are identified as three focus areas with regard to Industry 4.0 that were further elaborated based on an analysis and proposal made by the Contractor’s team, which is also included in Deliverable 3. Taking into account the performed analysis, the General Secretariat for Industry (on Friday 24th of July) suggested the development and focus on the following three High Priority Cases: • High Priority Case 1: Smart Manufacturing Technologies • High Priority Case 2: The Structural Materials Value Chain
Setting the scene. ESSnet BD project Boro Nikić and Xxxx Xxxxxxx presented the information from Tallinn coordination meeting. Xxxx added some information on WP7 from Tallin meeting and presented the WP7 team (photo below) and main goals. She mentioned the first WP7` result which is also is the milestone: Progress and technical report of internal WP-meeting. It is based on brainstorming and questionnaire results.
Setting the scene the four ABPs
Setting the scene. Meeting the needs of children and adolescents in mental health services
Setting the scene. Key focus of Deliverable 2 is the definition of Greece’s Industry 4.0 vision and the design of the respective strategy that will operationalize this vision. Yet, each country builds its Industry 4.0 strategy on the basis of its own digital maturity levels, and in the backdrop of the continuous technology advancements that directly impact the market economics and the global society. For this reason, in order to build an actionable and targeted Industry 4.0 strategy for Greece, we shall review as a first step the following areas: • Key outcomes of EU’s Greece’s Industry 4.0 anatomy (key takeaways of Deliverable 1) • The existing Greek National Growth Strategy and the National Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) • Industry 4.0-related focus areas and value-chains that the European Commission actively support and finance their digitisation • A set of Industry 4.0-related political, economic, social, technological, regulatory, R&D related, social and environmental internal and external factors that may consist strengths, weaknesses, opportunities or threats for Greece’s rotation to Industry 4.0 The outcomes and key observations of the review, are used as input in order to structure an Industry 4.0 vision for Greece and its execution strategy, tailored to the specific needs and the strengths of the Greek Industry. At the same time, we are exploiting a number of areas of economic activity as well as technological domains to identify and suggest pilot areas for targeted Industry 4.0 interventions. As per the project’s RfS in the context of Deliverable 3, the contractor should make a proposal for the selection of three high priority cases (technologies, policies, sectors or group of firms) based on specific criteria set. After confirmation of these high priority cases by the Steering Committee, the contractor will proceed to a detailed plan for each of the cases interventions for three of the selected pilot areas will be analysed and described as part of Deliverable 3. As agreed with the beneficiary and DG Reform during Workshop 2, the methodology and the proposal of the high priority cases was embedded in the current Deliverable. Content of the report The report is structured in the following way: • Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of this document’s contents, with regards to its methodological approach, analysis and results. • Chapter 3 presents the key takeaways of Deliverable 1 with regards to the current Industry 4.0 state-of-pl...
