Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Legalized abortion Prior to the middle of nineteenth century, abortion was only minimally regulated in the United States. The abortions that occurred before quickening were not regulated at all. Abortion was commonly practiced and freely advertised in newspapers, offered by wide range of practitioners of vary degrees of medical training and credentials. Abortion activity was attempted by self-abortion using various herbs and drugs[19]. The estimated illegal abortion is one of the largest criminal activities in the nation, approximately one million women annually, between 500 to 10,000 of these women die, another 350,000 suffer from complications and injuries[20]. The most important force in the campaign to criminalize abortion were the physicians. The American Medical Association (AMA), founded in 1847, made the abortion issue as the highest priority[21]. The criminalization of this medical procedure was advocated to exclude nonmedical doctors from providing medical and obstetric services. In nineteenth-century when childbirth was a major cause of maternal death, the therapeutic abortion was not difficult to justify. The regulations allowed physicians to perform therapeutic abortions for the pregnant women’s life was in danger. It was not hard for women to seek abortion care. In the twentieth century with advanced medical technology, childbirth became less risky. In addition, doctors began to perform procedures in hospitals, they came under more inspection from their peers and hospital review boards. These two factors began to restrict access to legal abortion services. By the mid-twentieth century, physicians began to advocate a clarification of their legal status for both protect themselves from liability and to provide service for their patients. In 1959, the American Law Institute proposed a model penal code that would make abortion legal in more than life-threatening circumstances, including in cases of rape or incest, when the child would be born with grave physical or mental defects, and when the physical or mental health of pregnant woman was at stake. In 1960s- 1970s, the modern abortion regulation reform movement began as a campaign for self-regulation. The Supreme Court’s 1973 decided in Xxx x. Xxxx legalizing abortion nationwide[22, 23] that drew upon ideas about individualism and privacy to conclude that the state had no rights to intervene in the first trimester in women’s abortion decisions. This individualist understanding of rights was cod...
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. To develop a nutrition curriculum for resettling refugee women in Clarkston, it is necessary to first understand the context within which the curriculum will be implemented, along with the methods and theories for curriculum development used in similar settings for similar purpose. This section reviews the literature on food insecurity among U.S. refugees and explores methods for integrating nutrition education and English literacy classes. Lastly empowerment theory is discussed as a pedagogical foundation for nutrition education targeted to refugees. Food Insecurity In 1996, the World Food Summit defined food security as the time “when all people at all times have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO 2008). This definition includes four dimensions: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, food utilization, and stability of other three dimensions over time (FAO 2008). In other words, for a population to be considered food secure, they must have consistent access to food that is nutritionally adequate and culturally appropriate, and they must be able to utilize the food in a way that sufficient energy and nutrient intake results. Food insecurity can be either acute or chronic. Acute food insecurity usually occurs when there is a sudden inability to produce or access an adequate food supply. This may happen as a result of fluctuating food availability, including seasonal variations and domestic food production, or from changing food prices and unstable household income (FAO 2008). Conversely, chronic food insecurity occurs when people cannot access minimum food requirements for an extended length of time. This is usually the result of poverty or the inability to access adequate resources (FAO 2008). In 2013, roughly 14.3% of households in the United States were food insecure for at least part of the year (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, and Xxxxx 2014); the estimated prevalence of 'very low food security' was 5.6%. ‘Very low food insecurity’ occurs when “the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted at times during the year due to limited resources” (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, and Singh 2014). In Georgia, 16.6% of households reported food insecurity, of which 6.0% reported very low food security. In 2013, the most common conditions for classification of very low...
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. This chapter will review the literature regarding unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use among teenagers in the United States and provide an overview of OTC access to OCPs. In addition, this chapter will explore the evidence surrounding the safety and feasibility of moving OCPs OTC, including the advantages and disadvantages of removing the prescription requirement.
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. The goal of this literature review is to synthesize existing research on unwanted pregnancy and abortion decision-making. Given that literature on the target population, women in the Amazon region of Colombia, is limited, the included studies examine unwanted pregnancy and abortion among similar populations and in similar contexts, in hopes of providing context for the study. Four primary criteria were used to select relevant studies for this literature review: • Study documents incidence of unwanted pregnancy and abortion in the context of Latin America, Colombia, and/or among other Amazon populations in Latin America • Study uses quantitative or qualitative methods to identify determinants or influences of unwanted pregnancy and or abortion among poor, rural, and/or indigenous populations • Study examines social, health, and economic effects of unwanted pregnancy and abortion among poor, rural, and/or indigenous populations • Study elucidates unwanted pregnancy and abortion decision-making process among poor, rural, and/or indigenous women. The literature review is divided into five sections. The first provides an overview of unwanted pregnancy and abortion terminology. The second section elucidates the global burden of unwanted pregnancy and abortion, with a focus on Colombia. The third section discusses the legality of abortion in Colombia. The fourth section provides an overview of relevant research on the topic. In this section research is categorized by study topic and the nature of the findings. And lastly, the fifth section identifies gaps in the literature, and expresses the need for more research in the topic area.
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. The following literature review is organized into four parts. The first section is a brief introduction to the specific mental health diagnosis symptoms assessments that Skyland Trail uses to evaluate clients. This background section establishes the gold standard of care upon which the organization aims to operate. The second section discusses the value of evidence- based practices in raising standards of care and producing better health outcomes through evidence-based mental health care. This section is further separated into two parts; the first involves attitudes and adoption of evidence-based practices by counselors and the second focuses on provider training. The third section of this literature review describes the importance of consistently measuring outcomes to ensure consistent and effective treatment. The final section includes a summary of the literature and a discussion of research relevancy to this special studies project.
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Introduction Guatemala has the third highest adolescent fertility rate (101 per 1,000 live births among girls 15 to 19) in the Western Hemisphere (The World Bank, 2012c). Adolescent fertility is among many sexual and reproductive health indicators in Guatemala that have lagged behind the majority of Latin America. The limited research on adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Guatemala demonstrates high rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion among adolescents, and reveals disparities among rural and indigenous girls in sexual health knowledge, contraceptive use, adolescent pregnancy and early marriage. Adolescent Fertility in Central America It is important to study adolescent fertility in Central America because the rates of adolescent fertility are higher among Central American countries compared to the rest of the Americas and contribute to a cycle of poverty and underdevelopment (Buvinic, 1998; MSPAS, 2010a; Samandari & Speizer, 2010). Adolescent fertility has been declining worldwide, with steep declines in the Western Hemisphere as a whole over the past four decades. However, in Central America, the rates of adolescent fertility have seen a much slower decline in adolescent fertility.(The World Xxxx, 0000x). Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx and Honduras have the highest rates of adolescent fertility across Central America. Across Nicaragua, Guatemala and Honduras, distinctive changes in sexual knowledge and behavior have occurred but the decrease adolescent fertility continues to occur slowly. In Guatemala, in particular, adolescent fertility is declining slower than total fertility. Even as contraceptive use has increased across these three countries, it has not affected the rate of adolescent pregnancy (Samandari & Speizer, 2010). Many of the pregnancies that occur among adolescents in Central America are within a union and are unplanned, but this varies by country. In Nicaragua and Guatemala, for example a greater number of births are unplanned than in Honduras and El Salvador. Nearly 80% of young women ages 15 to 24 who are in a union report that they want to delay pregnancy, however contraceptive use is low. Many unsafe abortions occur in Central America, as a means to terminate an unwanted pregnancy despite the criminalization of abortion. Nearly half of abortions (44%) documented in Latin America occur in adolescents and young women ages 15 to 24. The high rates of unintended pregnancy in Central America have been explained by social and economi...
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Leprosy Immunology The impacts and effects of leprosy on infected individuals has a lot to do with the host immune system. The particular pathways and exact mechanisms in the immune system of leprosy infected patients is still being researched, but studies have shown that manifestations and symptoms are highly driven by the host immune system [5, 6]. Since leprosy is impossible to culture in a laboratory, it is difficult to determine immunologic implications of infection on different individual host immune systems. Clinical representation of leprosy infection occurs on a spectrum defined as the Xxxxxx-Xxxxxxx Classification (Figure 1).
Comprehensive Review of the Literature. This Chapter will review the literature regarding the background of travel medicine, international travelers and tourism, travel-related risk, travel-related illness, travelers’ health risk profile, travelers’ perception of risk, travel medicine consultation, and gaps in knowledge. Also, this chapter will explore the public health implication, and travel health prevention during travel. Background of Travel Medicine Travel medicine is a branch of medicine that specializes in diseases and conditions acquired during travel. It creates awareness in travelers who seek medical consultation before travel by discussing the risk of acquiring diseases and injury that are not common in their own country. Travel medicine falls as far back as hundred or even a thousand years ago when healers or practitioners informed missionaries, explorers, military combatants about the extreme hazards of their occupations. (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2004). Today, travel medicine focuses on travel related to tourism, business, research, education, ecotourism, humanitarian work, family visitation, and migration and internally displaced people. Travel medicine has grown substantially in the last 2- 3 decades and continues to grow and become a critical aspect of medicine that needs continual update. Xxx Xxxxxxxx et al. stated, “that with the movement of people over centuries of exploration, documentation exists for the spread of diseases such as plagues, yellow fever, malaria, and cholera.” However, today travelers not only face disease of decades ago, but also the fear of acquiring new, and re-emerging illnesses such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, Lassa fever, Human Monkey pox, H5N1 avian influenza, cryptosporidiosis, vancomycin resistance staphylococcus aureus, typhoid fever, multidrug resistant tuberculosis, HIV, legionellosis, schistosomiasis, rabies, influenza, and meningitis. Others health risks include injuries and exacerbation of underlying illness. Due to these problems in the late 1970s, clinicians started exploring the medical requirements and recommendations that ensures safe travel. (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2004). International Travelers and Tourism Over time, international tourist arrival has snowballed from 25 million globally in 1950 to 278 million in 1980, 674 million in 2000 (UNTWO, 2017). International tourist arrival has sustained growth for the past consecutive years now. In 2017 international tourist reached a total of 1.3 billion, which was 86 million more than in 2016...
