General conclusions. Adapted Solely from the NRC (2002)
General conclusions. The analysis leads to the following general conclusions: Environmental in situ data from the Arctic are managed by national data centres, international data centres, funding agencies and individual research project, both in countries with Arctic coastline and countries with an Arctic interest. National observations programmes generally meet national priorities and lack international coordination. The purpose of using in situ observations in Copernicus ranges from calibrating and validating satellite sensors and algorithms, numerical models to assimilation into operational and re- analysis model prognoses. In addition, for climate service, consistent and long-term observations are needed to identify the trend and long-term variability of the climate. In situ observations are very sparse in the central Arctic. Due to lack of good communication facilities many data are delivered in delayed mode and are therefore inappropriate for NRT productions in particular. Other data e.g. research data are made publicly available too late to be available even for interim re-analysis purposes i.e. there is a need for internationally agreed standards for timely delivery of delayed mode data taking into account scientists right to publish. The Arctic environment puts high demands on robust technology and there is a clear need to pursue innovative technology development. Several services express that the limited amount of data is a bigger problem than the quality of data, although poor data quality in itself is problematic. Insufficient data management structures at data producer level constitute a big problem which negatively affects: o Formats of data and metadata o Accessibility o Timely delivery o Quality documentation Access to Russian data are extremely limited and calls for a dedicated action to free more critical observations in cooperation with Russian authorities. The given heterogeneity of the data sources implies that: o Automated data quality control is difficult and poor quality can consequently significantly impact verification results o It is important that data are collected at sites which are representative of their wider area rather than their immediate surrounding For land meteorological observations, the coordination has been rather weak, and many independent and somehow overlapping archives exist. Many observations are only available through request, and documentation and quality control may be sparse and difficult to assess. Surf...
General conclusions. In Aviation Safety and ICAO (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2009, 170. 24 ICAO Doc 9416, C/1077, C-Min, Extraordinary, Minutes, 1983. 59. 25 Xxxxxxx Xxxxx. General Conclusions. in “Aviation Safety and ICAO (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2009), 170.
General conclusions. The RAINS model has a modular structure that gives it an appropriate degree of flexibility to address air pollution policies at the European level. The modules address economic activitiesa and emission control policies in relation to environmental and health targets. Its limitations are determined by the a N.B Uncertainties relating to economic activities are discussed in Section 5. availability and quality of the underlying compartment models and data, and the amount of resources fed into the system. The interaction and support from countries and other organisations is crucial for the applicability of the model and the validity of its results. 4
General conclusions. It is clear that States do not follow a one-size-fits-all approach to establishing RASOs. This results from the fact that the needs of States in terms of strengthen- ing their safety oversight or accident investigation capabilities differ, and there- fore regional cooperation initiatives have to be tailored to the circumstances of a particular situation. Political considerations also play a role when decisions are taken by States regarding the form of the XXXX to be set-up. Although the XXXX concept is not entirely new, based on the analysis of the latest information, it is evident that the last twelve years have been real boom years for these organisations. Of the core sample of fourteen RASOs reviewed for the purpose of this study, nine have been established in the last twelve years. Even taking into account that some of them evolved from other organisations, this still 55 US-Russian Federation BASA, supra note 53, Article 1.D. 56 'Implementation procedures for design approval, production activities, export airworthiness approval, post design approval activities, and technical assistance between authorities, done under the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation for Promotion of aviation safety', (1998), <xxxxx://xxx.xxx.xxx/aircraft/air_cert/international/bilateral_agreements/baa_basa_listing/media/ RussiaIPA.pdf> [accessed 10 August 2014], Section I (1.0). 57 See Section 3.4.3.3 of Chapter 3. 58 EASA, 'Working Arrangement on Airworthiness between the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Interstate Aviation Committee', (St. Petersburg, 2004), <xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxxxxx.xx/system/files/dfu/intl_appro_IAC_EASA.pdf> [accessed 10 August 2014]. means that six of the fourteen were only established after 2004. In addition, based on the available information about the projects which were being considered in 2014 by States and ICAO, more of such organisations can be expected to be set up in the coming years. According to ICAO, in Africa alone it is envisaged to have an additional six XXXX type organisations established in the coming years. This clear trend towards increasing regionalisation of civil aviation safety oversight and accident investigation functions is a demonstration of the strong conviction of the international civil aviation community about RASOs’ contribu- tion to the improvement of civil aviation safety, worldwide harmonisation of standards, and cost-effectiveness of regulator...
General conclusions. The eurocurrency loan is a huge transaction. It does not only involve a large amount of money - the legal documentation forming the contract is also of great dimension. This is primarily because the parties try to foresee every possible situation and regulate them in the agreement. The law that will govern the contract is therefore very important, since it may affect the contents of the contract. Most legal systems permit the parties to freely choose a system of law to govern their contract. The parties desire a legal system that makes the legal outcome of the agreement as certain and predictable as possible, i.e. a legal system that recognises the principle of freedom of contract. If the parties have agreed to everything in their contract, it is not desirable if the governing law could interfere and change that agreement. English law has in practice become the international trade law. Under English law the parties may agree to virtually anything they want, and the contract will be construed strictly in accordance with its objective meaning. There is a saying under English law, that what is not claimed, is disclaimed. The parties may therefore under English law regulate their transaction precisely as they wish, without later interference. Should they forget anything, they will have to suit themselves. Sometimes there could be situations when the parties do not want English law to be the proper law of the contract. This could be because one of the parties is English and they want a neutral law, or because they are not familiar enough with English law. There might be another legal system that they are more familiar with, e.g. their home jurisdiction. If another system of law is chosen, it is therefore important to investigate how the eurocurrency loan will be affected by that other legal system. In this thesis Swedish law has been examined and compared with English law. Under Swedish law the parties are free to choose the proper law. This party autonomy is regulated by the same international convention as under English law, namely the Rome Convention. The scope of the governing law will also be the same as under English law. Even though Swedish law of contracts is based on the principle of freedom of contract, there are some threatening clouds that must be observed. The fact is that the freedom of contract has some exceptions, which may modify or render a contract invalid, and the Swedish courts’ interpretation of contracts differs from the English. Most of ...
General conclusions. The FE team concluded that the project has made considerable progress towards the achievement of goals and objectives. The project is also achieving objectives and outcomes of the USAID Country Strategic Plan. • The inputs provided to the project were adequate and appropriate for the expected outputs, but the number and capacity of the district-based health workers to implement and sustain program activities remains low. • The overall knowledge of mothers interviewed in Nacala-a-Velha villages was considered very high with regard to disease prevention, hygiene and sanitation, family planning, and newborn care. • Some of the mothers volunteered to serve as models for others who have not acquired the knowledge and skills to care for themselves and their small children (positive deviance approach to educate other mothers in the community). • More inputs should have been gathered and provided to strengthen the DDS/DHO, and to upgrade the emergency obstetrics at the health center and the referral hospital levels of the districts. • In parts of Memba and Nacala-a-Velha Districts that continue to suffer from a low level of health personnel, training alone, without the support from MOH that carries out regular monitoring and follow up supervision of trained health workers, does not contribute to sustained effective delivery of quality services.
General conclusions. The Chicago Convention is a very successful international treaty, if looked at from the perspective of its global acceptance, and predominantly focuses on the regula- tion of technical aspects of international civil aviation. Yet, in the past it had been subject to some criticism with regard to the effectiveness of global implementa- tion of aviation safety standards, and the enforcement competences of ICAO. In reality, the very fact that the Chicago Convention achieved such a broad degree of acceptance can be largely attributed to the fact that its drafters managed to strike a good balance between, on the one hand a desire to achieve ‘the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organi- zation in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services’, which is necessary for aviation as a global industry, and on the other hand, the principle that ‘each State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.’ The greatest paradox of the system of the Chicago Convention is that over time it has become the victim of the original compromise which allowed the sys- tem to be born in the first place. With ICAO’s membership increasing steadily to 191 participating States, and based on the principle of individual State responsibil- ity for safety oversight, it has become virtually unavoidable that the level of im- plementation of SARPs and eight CEs will be variable across the world. With the differences - sometimes significant - in safety oversight between individual national jurisdictions revealed thanks to USOAP transparency, States, especially those with a good safety record, started to increasingly ring-fence their airspaces and territories with requirements for additional certifications, authorisa- tions, audits and checks. Unilateral inspection schemes started to emerge duplicat- ing the USOAP efforts. Today even the recognition of very basic certificates nec- xxxxxx for day-to-day cross border operations of airlines, such as AOCs, and cer- tificates of airworthiness is being increasingly made conditional upon additional authorisations and surveillance programmes. It is really hard not to criticise a system which requires, for example, a re- pair station to obtain up to twenty different certificates to perform exactly the 227 See Paragraph 7 of: 'Annex on aviation safety to the Memorandum of Cooperation between the European Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization...
General conclusions. Technically, phycoremediation is possible using the current technology. However, this study concludes that phycoremediation is economically unfeasible at the moment with the state- of-the-art production systems employed, since the production and maintenance of L. digitata biomass in an integrated closed aquaculture system is very expensive (e.g. need an expensive refrigeration system, a very large installation and a supplementation of L. digitata with nutrients), and the resulting biomass has a very low price per ton. Furthermore, despite the reduction of approximately 30 % for VEN in mussels (as observed in the previous study on phycoremediation) the levels of this contaminant in the environment are still not a concern for humans. Thus, this mitigation strategy does not compensate.
General conclusions. Severity of PKD infection and impairment due to the disease varied annually
