Senegal. Senegal has an estimated population of 13.1 million; 44% of whom are under age 15. During the past decade, there has been some improvement in infant and maternal mortality rates, while the TFR, CPR, and unmet need for FP have only improved minimally. Maternal mortality ratios have fallen to an estimated 370 deaths per 100,000 live births—the second highest of the four countries studied. The TFR has remained relatively stagnant, around 5, while CPR for modern methods has slightly improved. PAC, including strengthening FP services at point of treatment, is a significant service delivery best practice to reducing maternal mortality and morbidity, early and short-spaced pregnancies, and unsafe abortion. Abortion is illegal in Senegal, except to save the mother’s life. Postabortion services are provided at health centers, regional and teaching hospitals, while FP is available at all levels of health care (Box 8).
Senegal. In 1995 the Senegalese government adopted an adjustment programme for the agricultural sector. The strategy to increase agricultural productivity was to promote the exports for groundnut, cotton, fruit and vegetables. The state withdrew from the provision of agricultural services, now provided by the private sector. It is worth mentioning that by 1999 there was still no official list of authorised and prohibited pesticides in Senegal. High-yielding hybrid vegetable varieties were introduced after liberalisation. But the higher yields come at a cost, as they are more expensive and more susceptible to pests and diseases. Despite rising pesticide prices, pesticide consumption increased, particularly in vegetable production, and increasing numbers of smallholders seek access to pesticides. Senegalese cotton farmers reported using four products on cotton and five products on food crops. The majority of farmers stated that they had increased the volume of applied pesticides. Active ingredients comprised endosulfan, fentitrothion and carbofuran, all having proven adverse impacts on birds. It is also worth mentioning that many cotton insecticides end up on food staples, as they are sold illicitly by cotton farmers to vegetable growers. Senegalese vegetable farmers reported using 25 different products. Active ingredients comprised endosulfan, malathion, parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and lindan, all having proven adverse impacts on birds. With increasing and more severe pest attacks, farmers were obliged to increase the amounts of pesticides applied on their crops (Xxxxxxxxxx 2003 a et. al).
Senegal. The Republic of Senegal is located south of the Senegal River in Western Africa. It shares borders with The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Mauritania. Senegal has a favourable geographic position, as its capital, Dakar is located at the furthest West point on the African continent. Senegal’s close location to and ease of access from Europe and North America provide a platform for foreign investors to target the population of more than 70 million people living in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), and has fostered a young population that is in tune with global trends. Senegal has an estimated population of 13,711,597 in 2009, of which approximately 58% live in rural areas. The 15-34 age groups made up approximately 35% of the total population in 2006. Population growth is an estimated 2.079 % in 2009 (Central Intelligence Agency 2011). Senegal has experienced a steady economic growth in line with other countries in the West Africa region. Senegal made an important turnaround increasing GDP growth from 2.1% in 1993 to an average of 5% annually between 1995 and 2006. The annual inflation rate was estimated at 6.6% in 200827 and investment rose from 13.8% of GDP in 1993 to 16.5% in 1997, and 24.4% in 2008 (World Bank, 2008). GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) has been estimated at US$ 1,600 in 2006, 2007 and 2008 (World Bank, 2008). Between 2007 and 2008 however, Senegal recorded a decline in its GDP increase rate from 5.1% in 2007 to 4.5% in 2008 (World Bank, 2008). Senegal is above all an agricultural country. Approximately 77.5% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, which however contributes only 16% to GDP (World Bank, 2008).
Senegal. In Senegal 60% of the total physicians in the country are located in the Dakar (Capital) region, which is mostly urban and constitutes 23% of the total Senegalese population. On the contrary, the Kaolack region, which is mostly rural and among poorest regions in the Senegal, is served by mere 3% of total physicians, although 11% of the total population is located in this region. (Xxxx, Codjia, Xxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2010). Honda et al. noted that insecurities regarding the absence of permanent contracts, shortage and/or unavailability of equipment in the health facilities, and absence of career development opportunities are among the key factors contributing to poor rural physician retention in Senegal. (Honda et al., 2019).
Senegal. For Senegal, we have collected data from 691 participants, of which 485 (70.19%) are artisanal captains, vessel owners or both, 98 (14.18%) are processors and 108 are retailers (15.63%). In total, participants provided information on 623 artisanal fishing vessel which we collated separately in the vessel data base. The graph below shows the distribution of our vessel sample over gear types. Please note that the Senegalese survey was stratified both according to landing sites and gear types. Figure 1-1: Map of Senegal survey Chart 1: CRODT data: Number of vessels by gear group (Thiao & Ngom-Sow 2015) (Sen) 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 Fleuve Louga Xxxxx Nord Cap Vert Thies Sud Sine Saloum Total Purse Seines Passive Gillnets Encircling Nets Lines Traps and Pots Other Stratified sampling commands the use of weights in order to use the data on aggregate levels. In Senegal the weighting adjustment is based on two auxiliary variables: 1) the landing site and 2) the gear category. Population data on each of these variables is available in the official report of the Senegalese research facility "Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye" (CRODT) (Thiao & Ngom- Sow 2015). The results of their 2014 vessel census are shown in the graph above. The auxiliary variables used from the survey data set are the location and the gear type of vessels 1-5 of each participants. Location strata are (with major fishing centers in brackets): Fleuve (St. Louis), Xxxxx Nord (Kayar), Thiès Sud (Mbour, Joal), Cap Vert (several in Dakar) and Sine Saloum (Foundiougne). Unfortunately, for a small part of observations south of Gambia in the region called Casamançe (Kafountine), no population data (neither reported nor expert knowledge) is available, such that we have to restrict the weighted analysis to observations to the North of Gambia. For analysis on location level, we can use the full dataset as we did not stratify for gear in Casamançe. Gear-strata in all other locations include: Purse seines, passive gillnets, encircling nets, lines, traps/ pots and other. We use the multilevel svyset command to apply weights in Stata. The corresponding Master-do-file provides the user with a choice between running summary statistics on the following datasets, which are available upon request: Dataset #Obs Comment Weighting Process Overall (Northern) Dataset 383 If location south of Gambia or "None", observation was dropped 1st Weight: Landing Sites 2nd Weigh...
Senegal. Total artisanal landings in Senegal were estimated to be 574 137 tons in 2014 by CRODT, and the artisanal sector thus accounts for roughly 75% of total (official) catches. Effort was at 899 485 fishing trips for the artisanal fleet (Thiao & Ngom-Sow 2015). We identify three large ethnic groups within the Senegalese xxxxxx folk: The Lébou are the largest group (41.03%) and live mostly in Dakar and Kayar, followed by the Guet-ndarien in Dakar and St. Louis (38.50%) and the Foundiougne-based Xxxxxx xxxxxx (12.08%). The "petite coast", Mbour and Joal, are inhabited by a vast mix of ethnic groups according to our survey results. Senegalese xxxxxx folk are near- exclusively Muslim and male (>99% for both). A vast majority is married (92.68%), and the average household size (defined as the number of people eating together from one pot) is 14.4 people (weighted standard error: 0.59). Most Senegalese xxxxxx folk are between 30 and 50 years old, but there is a substantial amount of younger people in the sector (16%). This is true for most fishing locations (distribution is adequately represented for those in the "Total" part), but interestingly, the petite coast with the villages Mbour and Joal (mostly encircling gillnets) seems to experience a drain of young fishermen more pronounced than the other locations, as shown by the graph below.
Senegal. 1. Can you please share any success stories in the process of your preparation of and notification of indicative and definitive dates to avail yourself of the use of Section II Special and Differential Treatment? Did you face any challenges or difficulties? Were those difficulties resolved? The major difficulties were in the collection of information needed for notification from bodies and institutions, which in particular caused the delay in Senegal's communications on the provisional dates of implementation of category B and C measures; transparency measures, including information on the operation of the single window (paragraph 4. 3) of Article 10; information on the use of customs brokers (paragraph 6.2) of Article 10; information on the contact point(s) for customs cooperation of Article 12, as well as the final dates of implementation of category B measures. Senegal was able to resolve these difficulties through follow-up in the Sous-Comité national de facilitation des échanges, SCNFE (National Trade Facilitation Subcommittee).
Senegal. Since 2012, with the financial and technical support of DHHS and CDC, the Senegalese influenza surveillance system has been enhanced to detect additional clinical syndromes and the laboratory identification of other respiratory viruses. This improved system, now called the 4S Network, is based on reporting nonspecific indicators as epidemiological data to the healthcare authorities, and on random sampling for laboratory-based testing. The network has been expanded from three ILI sentinel sites, all in Dakar (2011), to 14 sentinel sites (2015) with two SARI sites. Weekly reports are prepared and transmitted by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to regional and district public health staff, as well as national and international partners. Notable progress in laboratory diagnostic capacity has been achieved over the past four years, and the success of this partnership has led to significant enhancements benefiting both Senegal and GISRS. The 4S Network supports other laboratories on a regional level. Laboratorians from Guinea, Togo, and Mauritania have been trained on influenza detection and identification techniques. • Tested 3,437 specimens for influenza viruses. • Submitted 98 influenza-positive samples to WHO CC’s in Atlanta and London. Pasteur Institute of Dakar, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, continues to build laboratory and epidemiologic surveillance capacity to determine the burden of influenza disease. SEYCHELLES ILI and SARI surveillance in Seychelles both began in October 2013. ILI sentinel surveillance is conducted in six health care centers, four of those on the island of Mahe, one on the island of Praslin, and one on the island of La Digue. They send daily epidemiological information for several diseases including ILI. SARI sentinel surveillance is conducted in four hospitals throughout the country, two of those are on the islands of Praslin and La Digue. The sentinel sites are monitored periodically by the Disease Surveillance and Response Unit to verify registers and entry of data. They use checklists and questionnaires as evaluation tools. The Molecular Diagnostic Unit (MDU) of the Seychelles Public Health Laboratory began analyzing samples from sentinel sites in October 2013, for the detection of influenza A (H1N1, H3N2, H1N1pdm09) and influenza B viruses. The MDU successfully participated in WHO’s External Quality Assessment Project (EQAP) Panel 13. • Tested 269 specimens for influenza viruses. • Supported the Ministry of Health of...
Senegal. Research activities are being conducted through a partnership with PATH, the Institut de Recherché pour le Développement (IRD), and Institute Pasteur de Dakar. These activities include three separate but related vaccine trials. Vaccination and follow-up activities are completed for all three trials, and analyses are underway with manuscripts anticipated in 2015–2016. • A large-scale randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among vaccinated children and their communities, through indirect effects or “herd immunity.” • A randomized controlled trial of the safety and immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine containing an immune response-boosting adjuvant (MF59-adjuvanted IIV). • A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in reducing influenza among LAIV-vaccinated children compared to those receiving a placebo. AFR—Country Contacts BURKINA FASO Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx, DVM, PhD Head, National Influenza Reference Laboratory Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Xxxx-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Email: xxxxxx@xxxxxxx.xxx Xxxx Xxxxx, PhD Research Associate Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Xxxx-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Email: xxxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx Sanou, PharmD, MSc Research Associate Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Xxxx-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Email: xxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx Xxxxxx Xxxxx, MSc Laboratory Officer Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Xxxx-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Email: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xx DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, MD, MPH, PhD Principal Investigator Kinshasa School of Public Health Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxxx@xxxxx.xx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, MD, PhD Technical Director National Institute of Biomedical Research Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxx, MD, MPH Surveillance Director MOH Fourth Directorate Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, MD Deputy Technical Director National Institute of Biomedical Research Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxx_xxxxxx@xxxxx.xx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, MD, MPH KSPH Focal Point Kinshasa School of Public Health Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, MD Laboratory Manager National Institute of Biomedical Research Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Email: xxxxx_xxxxxxx@xxxxx....
Senegal. Franco-Canadian Trade Agreement of Exchange of most-favoured-nation treat• 1933 applied to Senegal. GATT effective June 20, 1960. ment. SOUTH AFRICA. Trade Agreement signed Aug. 20,1932; in Exchange of British preferential rates on force Oct. 13, 1932. scheduled items. May be terminated on six months notice. Exchange of notes Aug. 2-31, 1935; effec• Exchange of most-favoured-nation treat• tive retroactively from July 1, 1935. GATT effective June 14, 194S. ment. May be terminated on six months notice. SPAIN AND SPANISH Since Aug. 1,1928, Canada has adhered to Exchange of most-favoured-nation treat• POSSESSIONS. Britain-Spain Treaty of Commerce of Oct. 31, 1922. ment. May be terminated on six months notice. Trade Agreement signed May 26, 1954, Supplements and amends Britain-Spain provisionally in effect July 1, 1954. de• finitively in force on ratification June 30 1955 GATT effective Aug. 29, 1963. Treaty of Commerce. Remains in effect for three years from ratification, and thereafter unless terminated on three months notice. SWEDEN.. Britain-Sweden Convention of Com- Exchange of most-favoured-nation treat- merce and Navigation of Mar. 18, 1826 ment. Declaration of Nov. 27, 1911 applies to Canada. provides means for separate termma- GATT effective May 1,1950. tion by the Dominions on one years
