Data and Methods. To better understand couple dynamics, the DHS men’s questionnaire asks husbands about their reproductive preferences and attitudes toward family planning. For husbands in a polygynous marriage, the questions are asked for each of their wives/partners. This analysis uses DHS matched couples’ data from 14 sub-Saharan countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Mali from Western Africa; Chad from central Africa; and Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe from eastern and southern Africa. All surveys in this analysis were conducted between 1999 and 2004. The data for women are based on women age 15-49, while the data for men are based on men age 15-59 (with the exception of Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, where the interviewed men are age 15- 54; and Benin, where the interviewed men are age 15-64). The men’s questionnaire is similar in structure to the women’s questionnaire but shorter. To the extent possible, the questions and response categories in the two questionnaires are worded identically to be comparable across countries. The section on fertility preferences includes a question on fertility intentions and ideal number of children. For fertility intentions, women and men were asked, “Would you like to have (a/another) child or would you prefer not to have any (more) children?” For ideal number of children (ideal family size), women and men were asked one of two questions, depending on whether or not they had children. Those who did not have children were asked, “If you could choose exactly the number of children to have in your lifetime, how many would that be?” Respondents who had at least one living child were asked, “If you could go back to the time you did not have children and could choose exactly the number of children to have in your lifetime, how many would that be?” In this study, a woman is defined as infecund if she had no births and no pregnancies in the past five years but has had a birth or pregnancy at some time, and has been married for the past five years but did not use contraception during that period.
Data and Methods. The methodological basis of the research was constituted, first of all, by a fundamental dialectic method of cognition of the social and legal phenomena of the area under study, methods of the analysis, questionnaire survey, and also a comparative and legal method. So, comprehensive scientific approach significantly dispels the fears stated above regarding introduction of new legal institute to the Russian legislation. First of all, similar fears aren't new. Thus, according to X. Xxxxxxxx: "Obviously, this law provides certain risk. The prosecutor needs to be able to convince, intimidate, and catch criminals on a lie. Of course, there is always a probability that the defendant will begin to slander the innocent to commute the penalty. Before relying on words of the criminal, everything needs to be double-checked" [4]. The comparative and legal method is one of the fundamental means of studying of legal phenomena. Its application helps to reveal the general, special and single features of legal systems of the present days. For example, authors of this work initially proceeded from a hypothesis: introduction of institute of the pre-trial cooperation agreement to the Russian legislation in its current rudimentary state will hardly bring something new into the international legislation. The research conducted by us demonstrates a daily need of adopting foreign experience in a regulation of the studied institute. It was the topic, based on rich foreign experience that has predetermined interest in a wide range of foreign researches. Among them works of such scientists, as: Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxx [5], Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxx [6], Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx [7], Xxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxxxx [8], Xxxxxx Xxxxxx [9], Xxxx X. Xxxxxxxx [10], Xxxxxx Xxxxxx [11], Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxxx [12], Xxxx X. Xxxxxxxxx [13], and others. Having developed a special questionnaire, authors of this article have studied 20 criminal cases considered in the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and Xxxxxxxxxxx district court of Kazan for the last 2 years (2014-2016) according to which the pre-trial cooperation agreement has been concluded with one or several defendants. Complexity combined with high scientific informational content of criminal cases predetermined the multiple volumes of the cases on the most difficult and resonant crimes committed by organized criminal groups (from 10 volumes, and more). This questionnaire comprised the following key questions: 1) at what stage of preliminary investigation petit...
Data and Methods. This analysis uses matched couples’ data from DHS surveys in 10 sub-Saharan African countries to investigate spousal agreement (or disagreement) on a range of family planning issues. The analysis uses data from Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali in West and Central Africa, and from Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Eastern and Southern Africa. The surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2004. The data for women are based on women age 15-49, while the data for men are based on men aged 15-59 (with the exception of Malawi and Benin, where men are age 15-54 and 15-64, respectively). The men’s questionnaire is similar in structure to the women’s questionnaire but shorter. To the extent possible, questions and response categories in both questionnaires are worded identically to be comparable across countries. In this analysis, infecundity is measured by childbearing experience of the woman, that is, a woman is defined as infecund if she has had no births and no pregnancies in the past five years but has had a birth or pregnancy at some time, and has been married for the past five years but did not use a contraceptive method during that period. Wealth status of the household is measured using the wealth index. The wealth index is constructed from household asset data using principal components analysis (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 2004). Based on the first factor loading, the wealth index score divides the population into five quintiles. In this paper, “poor” refers to the bottom two quintiles, “middle” refers to the middle quintile, and “rich” refers to the top two quintiles.
Data and Methods. This study uses data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). The BHPS is a panel survey initiated in 1991, when a nationally representative sample of 10,300 individuals from 5,500 UK households were selected and interviewed (Xxxxxx et al., 2010). These individuals have been re-interviewed annually on a wide range of topics, with additional households added to the panel from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1999 and 2001. In addition to possessing a large sample surveyed over many time points, the BHPS is ideal for this project for two main reasons. The first key advantage of the BHPS is that it gathers information about moving desires and expectations from all adults living with a sample member. This enables the construction of variables indicating (dis)agreements in moving desires and expectations between partners living in couples. A second advantage of the BHPS is its comparatively low attrition rate (Berthoud, 2000). While movers are known to be more likely to drop out of the sample than non-movers, the BHPS typically records whether individuals have moved even if they were not re-interviewed (Buck, 2000). This enables us to retain these cases in our analyses of actual moving behaviour. This study makes use of a person-year file based on eight waves of the BHPS covering the years 1998-2006. Earlier waves could not be used as information on moving expectations was not gathered until 1998. Wave 11 (2001) cases were excluded as housing satisfaction information was not gathered during this survey sweep. Given the aims of this paper, the research population consisted of individuals who had an identified and opposite sex ‘lawful spouse’ or ‘live-in partner’ in their household. A very small number of person-years where the partners lived in an institution were excluded, as these couples are unlikely to have independent housing careers. Person-years where key household information was missing (such as housing tenure or income) were removed. Cases were also dropped where it was impossible to compute household level similarity or (dis)agreement variables, as only one partner had responded to the relevant survey question. Moving desires were coded using the response to the question ‘If you could choose, would you stay here in your present home or would you prefer to move somewhere else?’ Similarly, moving expectations were identified from the response to the question ‘Do you expect you will move in the coming year?’. A small proportion of responden...
Data and Methods. Data Outcome variables Exposure variable Potential Confounders Data Analysis
Data and Methods. Data and sample
Data and Methods. In this chapter, the unit of analysis is again the couple. In Pakistan, marriage is universal, so all couples are married couples and all fertility is marital fertility. In both the PDHS 1990-91 and 2012-13, information on fertility preferences (discussed below) is collected from both men and women, making this the ideal data set to study how changes in gender roles influences couple-level decision-making for reproductive behaviors. The only difference between two surveys is the selection of husbands. In 1990-91, a random fraction of husbands of female respondents were interviewed regardless of age, but in 2012-13, an independent sample of men aged 15-49 were selected for interview, some of whom can be matched with spouses who were also interviewed. For PDHS 1990-91, I have selected for analysis a matched set of currently married, fecund women aged 15-49 and their husbands (of any age). The initial sample size was 1,365 married couples, but there were several restrictions that reduced the sample size. First, I dropped those cases where a husband had more than one wife (n=67). I limit my analytical sample to fecund couples because of the focus on current contraceptive use. Therefore, I excluded women who were pregnant (n=199) or who were sterilized or declared infecund (n=86). I also dropped those men who were sterilized or those who reported that their wives were infecund (n=43). This yielded a final analytical sample of 970 couples. For the PDHS 2012-13 couple analysis, a matched set of currently married, fecund women aged 15-49 and their husbands are selected, yielding a sample size of 2,798 couple. In 134 cases, a husband had more than one wife, so I dropped these cases. I also dropped those women who were pregnant (n=376), were sterilized or were declared infecund (n=292). I also dropped those men who were sterilized or those who reported that their wives were infecund (n=24). My final analytical sample is therefore 1,972 couples. As one of the objective of this study is to examine whether educational gradient of contraceptive use has changed over time, I combined both datasets, and this yielded the pooled analytical sample of 2,942 couples. The main objective of pooling the datasets is not only to increase the sample size to obtain more precise estimates but also to investigate the effect of time. The gap of more than twenty years between two surveys facilitates observing change in gender relations which may affect reproductive intentions and decision...
Data and Methods. The data obtained in this study were obtained by a survey among PhD candidates at Leiden University, a large and broad research university in the Netherlands. In this section, we first describe which variables were included. Second, we expand on the survey methodology and description of respondents.
Data and Methods. Given that infrastructure projects have to adapt to local conditions, there is a significant variation in the cost per acre-foot (af) of water for different projects, even within similar categories. To account for this variation, we obtained information for as many projects as we could for each alternative, then we determined unit costs for each project, and finally we calculated the ranges and distribution of costs for each category. To facilitate comparisons, all results are in unit cost terms (dollars per acre-foot per year in 2018 dollars).
Data and Methods. Below, we provide a summary of the survey methodology and measured variables. A more elaborate description of the survey questionnaire, methodology and variables is given in a working paper (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, xxx Xxxxxxx, & xxx xxx Xxxxxxx, 2015). The survey sample consisted of 2,193 PhD graduates who obtained a PhD from Utrecht University (a broad research university), Delft University of Technology (engineering and technology), Wageningen University (an agricultural university), or Erasmus University Rotterdam (focused on medicine and social sciences, especially economics and management) between April 2008 and March 2009 or from Leiden University (a broad research university) between January 2008 and May 2012. An invitation to the survey (which was open from 23 October 2013 until 21 January 2014) was sent through email or LinkedIn, in which the prospective respondents were informed on the purpose and content of the survey in the invitation, and strict confidentiality guaranteed, only aggregate results (impossible to trace back to individuals) to be published. Furthermore, a test of the survey showed the survey took 20 minutes to complete on average, which was also written in invitation letter, so the respondents would know which response burden to expect. In the online survey itself, the instructions made explicit it was possible to quit the survey. Up to three reminders were sent if respondents had not completed the survey. In total, 1,133 started the survey (52%), and 960 progressed to the final question (44%). Survey data were anonymized before analysis and the key to the respondents’ names and unique survey analysis ID stored in a secured folder. Non-response analysis showed that the respondents were representative of the survey set regarding gender, age, year of PhD, and city of PhD (Waaijer et al., 2015). However, Dutch nationals seemed to be overrepresented in the survey compared to the country of birth of the entire sample. In this study, we used variables on type of job, perception of career prospects, research performance and personal characteristics. Three sectors of employment were distinguished: academic R&D (dubbed academia in the paper for brevity), non-academic R&D (dubbed non-academic research) and non-R&D (dubbed outside research). The classification of respondents into these categories was based on two variables: involvement in R&D and type of employer. We follow the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (O...
