KENYA. There are no country-specific provisions.
KENYA. NOTIFICATIONS
KENYA. The vast majority of Kenya’s Grey Crowned Cranes are found on private, government or communally owned land. Small populations though are found in Amboseli National Park, Masai Mara National Park, Naivasha National Park and Saiwa Swamp National Park and are all afforded high levels of protection. A number of Important Bird Areas are home to Grey Crowned Cranes, but levels of protection are low and management is dependent on the communities involved and the support that they receive.
KENYA. The constitution of Kenya 2010 reinforces the importance of natural resources and the environment. Chapter 5, Environment and Natural Resources, contains principles and obligations on the environment; protection and conservation of the environment; enforcement of environmental rights; the use and development of natural resources; agreements relating to natural resources; and environmental legislation. The constitution also provides for the establishment of an environment and land court to address legal disputes related to environmental and land resources and processes. Kenya’s newly devolved system of government calls for collaboration between national and county administrations. The central government has jurisdiction over the use of international waters and water resources, marine navigation, and the protection of the environment and natural resources including fishing and water. The county government is responsible for fisheries and implementing national policies. Legislation relevant to the marine environment is substantive (nearly 50 pieces of legislation) but confusing. The framework involves at least 14 government ministries and a further 9 authorities. Duplication, omission and poor implementation dilute regulatory effectiveness. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2000) harmonizes the fragmented and multiple laws on the environment across different sectors. However, its marine and coastal aspects are rarely referred to. It is likely that few coastal people are aware of its existence. Co-management with communities has also become the norm in many of the newer policies and regulations although few communities are aware of their rights (Samoilys et al., 2011c). The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) (1999) provides the legal and institutional framework for managing and protecting Kenya’s environment. It is being reviewed to align it to the 2010 constitution. Moreover, the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), KWS, and National Museums of Kenya also have jurisdiction over mangroves, which leads to confusion in enforcement and management (Samoilys et al., 2011c). The EMCA can declare any area of the sea to be a protected coastal zone. The National Environment Council, established by Section 4(1) of the EMCA, undertakes policy formulation and provides direction for the purposes of the EMCA. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) was established under the act to implement policy. It became operational in 2002. Secti...
KENYA. In Kenya, the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (2013) broadly provides for the protection of vulnerable ecosystems along the coastal zone through MPAs managed by KWS. This act focuses on terrestrial wildlife resources, and a specific act for marine living resources may enhance the effectiveness of KWS activities on the coast (Samloilys et al., 2015). In Kenya, (in direct contrast with Tanzania) Marine Reserves are larger, with resident communities, and allow multiple uses, although a zonation system is used including core zones, specified use zones, general use zones, and a buffer zone. Marine Parks are smaller and are no take zones. In the past, the government of Kenya tended to choose coral reefs to gazette as parks because of their aesthetic appeal and rich biodiversity. Later the government introduced marine reserves that were larger than the parks and encompassed neighbouring seagrass beds and mangrove forests. The reserves provide a more balanced ecosystem-based approach to marine conservation and management (Samoilys and Obura, 2011). More recently, a network of community conservation areas (Maina et al., 2011) has been established in and adjacent to the marine reserves. Unlike the parks, the reserves allow carefully managed fishing by local communities. Figure 5 shows the three Kenyan Marine Protected Areas in the proposed TBCA. These are from the north to south: Diani Chale Marine Reserve; Mpunguti Marine Reserve; and Kisite Marine Park. Although Diani-Chale Marine Reserve was proclaimed in 1995, it has not yet served it’s intended function due to difficulties with obtaining community support for the initiative. The proposed TBCA provides the opportunity to revitalise the functioning of this Reserve through direct intervention in awareness raising and the establishment of a management presence in the area. The Kisite Mpunguti MPA was established to enhance biodiversity conservation through a participatory approach; to provide suitable breeding and feeding habitats for marine organisms; and to promote sustainable nature tourism. The area was selected due to it’s pristine coral reefs; scenic setting and beauty; potential for nature tourism, recreation and relaxation; protection of spawning grounds; importance as breeding habitat for birds and coconut crabs; rare combination of terrestrial (islands) and marine life, and it’s potential as a conservation and research centre. Kisite Mpunguti is managed from a Park Headquarters and associated per...
KENYA. The Relevant Sellers shall transfer the relevant Shares in The Scotts Company Kenya Ltd. a form of transfer duly executed by the registered holders in favour of the Relevant Purchasers or as they may direct accompanied by the related share certificates (or an express indemnity in a form satisfactory to the Relevant Purchasers in the case of any certificate found to be missing) and a Form D certificate on transfer of certain marketable securities duly executed by The Scotts Company Kenya Ltd. auditor.
KENYA. Invasive and other problematic species e.g. Water hyacinth and Water salvinia in Lake Victoria, X. Xxxxxxxx (Kenya). Awareness and manual and mechanical removal is ongoing.
KENYA. Agriculture has been the core of the Kenyan economy and hence Kenya depends on agricultural production. Pesticides have been applied in Kenya since 1921 and application has increased during the last forty years. Between 1987 and 1990, 31,234 tonnes of pesticides were imported. The bulk was consumed locally and less than 3 per cent was exported to neighbouring countries. By 1997 the Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) registered 370 formulations and 217 active ingredients to be used in Kenya. A total of 22 per cent were highly hazardous, 20 per cent moderately hazardous, 45 per cent slightly hazardous and the rest remained unclassified. In 1985 the import of DDT and in 1992 the import of aldrin and dieldrin stopped. Other OCs such as endolfulfan and lindane are still used. Approximately 33 per cent of the Kenyan farmers use pesticides, foremost large-scale operators. In contrast, small-scale farmers, with mostly subsistence-level farms use minimal amounts of pesticides (Xxxxxx 2003 et. al). About 50 per cent of all important pesticides are applied to cash crops such as coffee and another 25 per cent to horticultural crops. Furthermore cotton, sugarcane, maize and tea also require significant quantities of pesticides, and herbicides are used as an alternative to hand weeding in coffee, maize, barley, wheat, sugarcane and tea. Broad spectrum pesticides are also used to control storage pests, but long term treatment of agricultural products in storage has resulted in an imbalance in the relationship between pest- organisms and their natural predators. The most important vectors of disease agents in domestic animals are ticks, causing great loss of livestock. After they developed resistance to arsenics, BHC, HCH, and toxaphene and since DDT was banned, they are now treated with carbaryl, quitiofos, chlorfenvinphos, coumaphos and formamidines (Xxxxxx 2003 et. al). In Xxxxx xxxx is grown under irrigation in the Nyanza province and the Eastern province, a haven for Anopheles gambie, a mosquito and common vector for malaria. Xxxxxx were sprayed regularly against agricultural pests with DDT until it was banned and later with fenitrothion and carbofuran. The direct exposure of mosquitoes to agricultural pesticides created a selection pressure that led to resistance to applied chemicals and others with similar modes of action. Hence in 1988 Anopheles gambie showed high resistance to fenithrotion and DDT, but just little or no resistance to pesticides such as dieldrin a...
KENYA. Fourteen publications on the scope of unsafe abortion spanned the length of the search time frame (1997 to 2015): Publication Title Type of Publication Time period Purpose Methods Key findings related to induced abortion Unsafe Peer-‐ February-‐ To study and Women who were Women who Abortions: reviewed June 1993; compare confirmed to be presented with Methods Used journal Published characteristics of presenting with complications from and article 1997 women unsafe abortion in induced abortions Characteristics of presenting with the hospital in the in Kenya were Patients complications capital were single (84%), Attending from unsafe interviewed (n=201 without children Hospitals in abortion in five in Kenya) (77%), under 25 Nairobi, Lima, health facilities years old (91%), and Manila 111 across three countries (one and secondary-‐ school educated facility in the (82%); 26% of capital of Kenya) women reported a repeat abortion Reducing Unsafe Population Published To discuss Journalistic Citing several Abortion in Council 1997 unsafe abortion interviews with studies prior to the Kenya 112 Brief in Kenya and subject experts search time frame, recent the brief estimates interventions that over one-‐third of maternal death in Kenya is due to unsafe abortion Maternal Mortality in Kenya: The State of Health Facilities in a Rural District 113 Peer-‐ reviewed journal article January-‐ December 1997; Published 2001 To examine factors in maternal mortality in a rural district of Kenya Retrospective collection of medical records and provider questionnaires at rural health facilities (n=30); focus group discussions (n=30) Half of the health centers identified unsafe abortion as a key cause of obstetric complications; abortions made up 30% of all registered complications Sex Workers in Kenya, Numbers of Clients and Associated Risks: An Exploratory Survey114 Peer-‐ reviewed journal article 2000-‐2001; Published 2004 To explore the lives, work, and characteristics of sex workers in rural and urban Kenya Sex workers were interviewed in four rural towns (n=336) and three townships in the capital city (n=139) An estimated 86% of female sex workers had experienced at least one abortion in their lifetime The Magnitude of Abortion Complications in Kenya115 Peer-‐ reviewed journal article August-‐ December 2002; Published 2005 To assess the number and characteristics of women with post-‐abortion complications at a public Kenyan hospitals Cross-‐sectional review of medi...
KENYA. 20030805 Declaration of Intent on Co-operation. 20040810 Entry into force:20040810 Agreement regarding Scientific and Technological Cooperation. 20071002 Entry into force:20071002 Agreement for the Establishment of a Joint Commission of Cooperation. 20000718 Entry into force:20000718 Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of Bilateral Consultations. 20020715 Memorandum of Understanding concerning Defence Cooperation. 20040217 Entry into force:20060425 Agreement on Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion to Taxes on Income. 20050926 Agreement for the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments. 20050926 Agreement on Economic and Technical Co-operation. 20050926 Trade Agreement 19940907 Joint Communique - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. 19950620 Agreement regarding Extradition. Replaced - 19.4.2001 19951024 Entry into force:19970109 Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income. 19980917 Entry into force:19980917 Agreement concerning the Status of Armed Forces in the Kingdom of Lesotho Providing Military Assistance. 20000331 Entry into force:20000331 Agreement concerning the Status of Armed Forces in the Kingdom of Lesotho Providing Assistance in the Establishment of a Sustainable Training Capacity within the Lesotho Defence Force. 20000331 Entry into force:20000331 Memorandum of Understanding concerning Defence Cooperation. 20010419 Entry into force:20010419 Agreement on the Establishment of a Joint Commission of Cooperation. 20010419
