Background and Necessity of the Project
(1) Current State and Issues with education sector and the priority of this project in Morocco
(2) Japan's and JICA's Cooperation Policy and Operations regarding the Basic Education Sector
Background and Necessity of the Project
(1) Current State and Issues of the Oil Sector in Iraq The oil sector is the largest industry, accounting for more than 50% of the GDP and about 90% of the government revenue, and the single most important source of foreign exchange earnings in Iraq. The country has proven crude oil reserves of approximately 150 billion barrels (OPEC, 2017). Its crude oil production reached 4.42 million barrels per day (BPD) in 2016 and is projected to further increase. Iraq’s petroleum refining sector consists of 14 refineries run by a national refinery company under the control of the Ministry of Oil. In total, these refineries have a design capacity of about 900,000 barrels per stream day (BPSD)1. However, they are running at a low capacity as their capacity has fallen significantly due to wartime damage and deterioration over years of service. In addition, many refineries located in northern and western Iraq have been suspended due to attacks by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) since June 2014. These factors have limited the country’s oil refining capacity, resulting in huge supply-demand imbalances in the consumer petroleum product markets. For example, the supply-demand gap reached approximately 55,000 BPD in the gasoline market and approximately 35,000 BPD in the kerosene and diesel oil market in 2015. In fact, despite being an oil producer, Iraq has been forced to import petroleum products, which costs the country 4.5 billion dollars per year. Given the massive reconstruction and development needs after the Iraq War, it is essential to invest in the petroleum refining sector not only to reduce the import of petroleum products to stop foreign exchange outflow but also to increase the production and export of petroleum products to raise foreign
1 Refers to the capacity of a refinery, which is calculated by dividing the annual processing capacity by the number of operating days. exchange earnings in the future. Nevertheless, fluctuating oil prices have made it difficult to maintain stable public investment in the sector. Moreover, political instability and security risks have discouraged the private sector from investing in the sector. In light of these supply-demand imbalances, the Ministry of Oil of the Republic of Iraq has determined as its policy to rehabilitate existing large refineries and build new large refineries. However, many of the refinery development projects, including the Baiji Refinery Upgrading Project for which Japan’s Engi...
Background and Necessity. Eastern Macedonia, the target area of this project, is a relatively dry region with an annual rainfall of about 500 millimeters. This amount barely meets the marginal condition for growing wheat. Populations in the target area have had to endure the inconvenience of frequent water cut-offs (particularly during the summer). The local economy used to rely on heavy industry in the days of the former Yugoslavia. Following Macedonia's independence and transition to a market economy, however, heavy industry lost markets, thus forcing the closure of plants and drastically scaled down production. To absorb the many workers who lost jobs, local municipalities have set their sights on agriculture and new industries. Water shortage, however, poses a bottleneck to agricultural development and attracting new industries. As a result, there is an urgent need to secure a new water source and ensure a stable supply of water.
Background and Necessity. CIDCO had prepared Navi Mumbai Development Plan which covers 95 villages and 14 well planned and self-sustained nodes viz. Airoli, Ghansoli, Kopar-Khairane, Juinagar, Vashi, Sanpada, Juinagar, Nerul, Belapur, Kharghar, Kamothe, New Panvel, Kalamboli, Ulwe, Xxxxxxx and Dronagiri. Initially CIDCO’s focus of development was in Vashi, Nerul, Sanpada, CBD, Koparkhairane & Airoli and these Nodes were developed completely in 1990 and subsequently handed over to Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation in the year 1994. This part of Navi Mumbai is referred as Navi Mumbai (North). Thereafter on arrival of harbour Railway line which is extension from Mankhurd to New Panvel in 1990, there was tremendous increase in population in Navi Mumbai when CIDCO had to shift its development focus to other Nodes like Kharghar, Kamothe, New Panvel, Ulwe & Dronagiri. These Nodes come under Raigad district and are now referred as Navi Mumbai (South) which is still under CIDCO’s jurisdiction.
Background and Necessity. Although the demand for power in Sri Lanka is increasing at a base of approximately 7 percent per year, the capacity of power generation facilities is not adequate to cover the growing demand, leading to a situation of chronic power shortages. Furthermore, the instability of the power supply is a major factor that restricts the people’s daily lives, restrains investment and hinders socioeconomic activities. Sri Lanka is blessed with a topography suited for hydroelectric power generation as well as plentiful rainfall, and therefore power development has focused on hydroelectricity. This excessive dependency on hydroelectric power, however, is susceptible to fluctuations in rainfall and restricts the areas where power source development is possible. This project is therefore being pursued as the last large-scale and newly-developed hydroelectric power project in Sri Lanka. Going forward, the plan is to expand the scale of power generation, focusing primarily on thermal power generation to achieve a structural balance in the forms of power generation to ensure a stable supply of power that is not affected by the weather. As Sri Lanka does not possess domestic fuel sources, there is a large risk in generation cost fluctuation due to fuel imports, and therefore hydroelectric power generation is desirable to be developed to the largest extent possible. Under the Upper Kotmale Hydro Power Project (II), a run-of-the-river type hydroelectric power plant will be constructed at the Kotmale Oya tributary (the upstream of the existing Kotmale Dam) of the Mahaweli River with a capacity of generating 150 megawatts of power, meeting the increasing demand for power and contributing to the economic growth of Sri Lanka. The loan will be allocated to civil works for construction of a power plant and other facilities, procurement of materials and equipment, and consulting services such as construction supervision. The first phase of this project was financed in March 2002. Ceylon Electricity Board Address: Upper Kotmale Hydro Power Project Colombo Liaison Office, 000 0/0, Xxxxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxxxx 00, Xxx Xxxxx Tel: +00 (00) 000-0000, Fax: +00 (00) 000-0000
Background and Necessity. In Morocco, the transportation sector account for approximately six percent of the country’s gross domestic product, employing 10 percent of the urban population and providing 15 percent of the national revenue through taxes and other charges related to transportation. Within the transportation sector, road transportation plays a particularly important role for socioeconomic activities, bearing 90 percent of interurban passenger travel and 75 percent of cargo. To solve the problem of regional disparities, the disparities between cities and rural areas must be corrected through the provision of basic infrastructures including roads. Sandwiched between a complex shoreline and a steep mountainous belt, the target region for the Mediterranean Road Construction Project (II) presents difficult conditions, and the area lags socioeconomically because of the inadequate transportation network. Constructing roads is therefore an urgent task. The project will widen and reinforce existing roads as well as create bypasses along the Tétouan-El Jebha interval of the road connecting the major northern Moroccan city of Tangier and Saidia on the Algerian border. The project will help correct regional disparities by improvement of the local resident’s access to economic and social infrastructures. Phase (I) of this project was also funded by a Japanese ODA loan in September 2001. [1] The loan will be allocated to the procurement of materials and equipment, civil works and consulting services. The project focuses on a portion of the wide-range infrastructures forming a portion of the Agadir-Cairo Development Corridor, which transverses North African nations. Directorate of Roads, Ministry of Equipment and Transport Address: B.P. 6226, 00000, Xxxxxxx Xx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx xx Xxxxx Tel: +212 (537) 713-528, Fax: +212 (537) 713-261
Background and Necessity of the Project (1) Current Status and Issues of the Transportation Sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan The transportation system in the Republic of Kazakhstan is comprised of land transportation such as rail and road, the harbor city of Atyrau on the Caspian Sea, and air transportation centered around Astana and Almaty. Of these, land transportation forms the nucleus of Kazakhstan’s transportation system, and much importance is attached to its development and improvement, not only for the Republic of Kazakhstan, but also from the perspective of the regional integration of Central Asian countries. Improvement of the transport corridor that passes through the Kazakhstan territory (total length is approximately 2,715km) is regarded as the most important route within the entire Central Asian region. In particular, CAREC1 is promoting the improvement of major international corridors in order to strengthen the regional integration of Central Asian countries and the links between Central Asia and neighboring countries such as Russia, China and Afghanistan. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, central government funding for the road sector ceased, and an adequate source of funding could not be established. This has resulted in there being virtually no road maintenance and the road sector has fallen into a dilapidated state. The transport corridor targeted by this Japanese ODA loan is part of a major international transport network that extends from Russia in the west to China in the east, and it is also of immense value to the entire Silk Road region. Because it is in a state of poor upkeep, currently, it presents a serious impediment to the movement of people and the distribution goods.
Background and Necessity. (1) Current State and Issues of the Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Sector in India In terms of biodiversity conservation in India, as of March 2009, 4.79% of the country was designated as protected area, with 99 national parks and 523 wildlife sanctuaries. However, the management plans of these protected areas are not well prepared based upon scientific databases in order to conserve biodiversity. Furthermore, at the start of the 20th Century, approximately 40% of India was covered by forest, but the India’s forest and tree cover ratio1 stood at 23.6% (2005), which is lower than the global average of 30.3% (2005). Man-made activities within forest areas such as the use of land for grazing and the collection of fuel wood have an influence on the degradation of forests in some areas. Consequently, in addition to the need for strengthening capacity among related agencies to ensure a balanced approach for sustainable ecosystem, it is also vital to improve forest and tree cover as well as the forest quality.
(2) Development Policies for Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Sector in India, and the Priority of the Project The Government of India has outlined a target of increasing India’s forest and tree cover ratio by 5% in its Eleventh Five Year Plan (April 2007-March 2010). In addition, the Plan places an emphasis on participatory Joint Forest Management (JFM) to ensure sustainable forest management, the promotion of activities by an Eco-Development Committee to ensure wildlife conservation, support for those who rely on the forest for their livelihood to ensure alternative sources of income, and a reduction of man-animal conflict. Furthermore, in order to implement sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, the Government of India aims to build an information management system and promote the training for human resources development.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Sector The “Poverty Reduction and Environmental Improvement” is one of the prioritized areas in the Japan’s Country Assistance Program for India by the Government of Japan. Accordingly, JICA has set the “Support for Environment/Climate Change Measures” as a prioritized area. More specifically, 1 Forest and tree cover ratio is the ratio of forest (land with a crown ratio (coverage ratio of tree leaves on the ground in a specific block) above 10% greater than 1ha that can be surveyed by sa...
Background and Necessity. (1) Current State and Issues of the Agricultural and Irrigation Sectors in India In India, 60% of the working population is engaged in the agricultural sector, and 55% of the national land is used for agriculture. As the agricultural production accounts for 20% of the gross domestic product, agriculture is an important industry in securing employment and improving livelihood. Poverty in the rural areas is serious, however, and it is imperative to enhance agricultural production and develop water resources in order to respond to the increasing population and realize food self-sufficiency. Although the mountainous areas have a considerable potential for value-added crops through their diversification taking advantage of the unique climate compared to the flat areas, many farmers remain engaged in self-subsistence crop cultivation due to the constraints in land and water as well as the poor access to a market. That is, the improvement of livelihood in rural areas through crop diversification has not been sufficiently promoted.
(2) Development Policies for the Agricultural and Irrigation Sectors in India, and the Priority of the Project The Eleventh Five Year Plan (April 2007- March 2012) aims at an average real GDP growth rate of 9%, while sectoral target in Agriculture is set at 4%. Irrigation is one of the focused areas of the project as it can contribute to increased agricultural production and thereby enhance the farm income.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Agricultural and Irrigation Sectors The “Poverty Reduction and Environmental Improvement” is one of the prioritized areas in the Country Assistance Program for India by the Government of Japan. Accordingly, JICA will support improvement of rural livelihood as one of the priority issues for development assistance, which this project is consistent with. In terms of the Japanese ODA loans given to India, 15 projects amounting to 120 billion yen have so far been extended in the agricultural and irrigation sectors (excluding tree planting). The technical cooperation project “Himachal Pradesh Crop Diversification Promotion Project” will also be implemented.
(4) Other Donors’ Activity The World Bank supports projects for irrigation / integrated water resources management in the states of Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc. The ADB has been providing assistance in repairing and modernizing several irrigation facilities in Orissa since 2008.
(5) Necessity of the Proj...
Background and Necessity of the Program
(1) Current State and Issues of the Education Sector and Priority of the Program in Senegal The Republic of Senegal has set the goal to become an emerging country based on social solidarity and the rule of law by 2035, in its national development plan “Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE)”, and human development in industrial fields through enhancing science and technology sector is set as one of its important goals. In order to achieve these goals, Senegal announced the primary policy of enhancing science and mathematics education in an education sector development plan (2018 to 2030) named “Program for improving quality, equality and transparency of education and formation (XXXXXX-EF),” and has been working to enhance access, quality and governance of education. However, Senegal still has a lot of issues in access, quality and management of education. With regard to the access to education, the gross enrollment ratio for primary education has been increased from 69.3% (64.3% for girls and 74.4% for boys, World Bank, 2000) to 83.0% (88.9% for girls and 77.3% for boys, World Bank, 2020) in the past 20 years, which, however, is still lower than Sub-Saharan Africa’s average ratio of 99.9% (97.6% for girls and 102.1% for boys, World Bank, 2019). The primary education completion rate is as low as 60.5% (67.1% for girls and 54.1% for boys, World Bank, 2020), which is lower than that of the Sub-Saharan Africa’s average:70.4% (68.8% for girls and 71.9% for boys, World Bank, 2020). Both the gross enrolment ratio and completion rate are lower in the rural areas than in the urban area and are widely different between regions within the country. The gross enrollment ratio for lower secondary education is as low as 50.7% (55.6% for girls and 46% for boys, Ministry of National Education (MEN), 2020), which is considered to be attributable to the low primary education completion rate and lack of lower secondary education schools and teachers. As for the quality of education, the results of a standardized academic achievement test in French-speaking countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (CONFEMEN Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems (PASEC)), conducted in 2019, show that approx. 30% of final-year students in primary education do not have scholastic ability that they should have acquired (PASEC, 2019). Though there is an improvement from the previous test (2014), there still remain issues in the quality of education. As mentioned before, the Government of Seneg...
