Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Electricity Sector in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan's peak power demand reached 8,020 MW in 2012. The nation has a total rated power generation capacity of 12,033 MW, but power generation facilities throughout the country are aging, and the peak generation capacity of facilities within Uzbekistan is only around 7,400 MW. The power supply is extremely unreliable, with planned power outages even in the capital city of Tashkent during winter (the peak demand season). Thermal plants generate approximately 90% of all power, but many of these facilities were put into operation 40 to 50 years ago or earlier, and are now deteriorating. The nationwide average peak supply capacity has fallen by approximately 30%, and there is an urgent need to update these facilities in order to secure an adequate power supply and improve reliability. The low average thermal efficiency of the country’s thermal power plants (around 30%) also causes a major environmental impact. Against such a background, there is demand for the installation of high-efficiency power generation facilities in order to reduce the nation’s CO2 emissions, which are the world’s highest per unit of GDP (among the 65 countries whose emissions figures were published in the 2010 World Development Report). Uzbekistan urgently needs to carry out energy efficiency improvements throughout its economic and societal systems.
(2) Development Policies for the Electricity Sector in Uzbekistan and the Priority of the Project To secure safe, reliable and equal access to power for all users, the “Law on Electric Power Industry” in 2009 (which defines the basic structure and direction of Uzbekistan's power sector) stipulates that the government should prioritize the introduction of market principles in power generation, transmission and distribution, the attraction of overseas capital to enable the renovation and modernization of power generation facilities, and the improvement in fuel and power usage efficiency. The country’s five-year medium-term investment plan and individual annual investment plans define specific development approaches and critical requirements. The Navoi Thermal Power Station modernization project (hereinafter referred to as "the Project") is included within the 2012 and 2013 investment plans.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Electricity Sector Japan’s Country Assistance Policy for Uzbekistan (April 2012), defines the renovation and development of economic ...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Electricity Sector in Bangladesh The annual power consumption per capita in Bangladesh is at world's lowest level, 170kWh (FY2009/10), and the electrification rate is also low at 47%. The electricity supply cannot meet the increased demand: in FY2009/10, the peak demand reached 6,454MW but the installed capacity of electricity supply was 5,271MW only and the maximum power-generating capacity was a mere 70% or so of the demand. Thus, the country was obliged to perform planned outage chiefly at peak times. Due to an improvement in the electrification rate and industrialization thanks to the recent high economic growth, electricity demand is expected to increase by around 10% per year for the time being. The supply-demand gap is likely to remain due to delay in construction of new power generating plants because of fund shortages and other reasons. Accordingly, Bangladesh is faced with an urgent issue of establishing a stable electricity supply system through development of new power sources (particularly highly efficient power plants), diversification of energy sources including coal-fired thermal power, and rectification of system losses in the electric power transmission and distribution.
(2) Development Policies for the Electricity Sector in Bangladesh and the Priority of the Project The Government of Bangladesh cites three long-term visions for the electricity sector in the “Policy Statement on Power Sector Reforms (2000)”, which are (a) securing of the supply capacity so that all citizens can use electricity by 2020; (b) reliable electricity supply; and (c) electricity supply at appropriate prices. The Sixth Five Year Plan (FY2011-FY2015), the latest national plan, refers to the necessity of reform on the electricity sector, viewing it as important infrastructure for economic growth leading to poverty reduction, and set out goals to increase the power-generating capacity to 15,457MW by 2014/15 and to 20,000MW by 2020/21, and the electrification rate to 68%. This project will, in line with these national policies, construct a highly efficient new-type power plant and support building of the operational structure of power generating companies that were spun off in accordance with the sector reform. Meanwhile, “The Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2008)” stipulates action policies that infrastructure for higher efficiency in power generation, transmission and distribution in the electricity sector will...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Water Supply and Sewerage Sector in Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City, the largest city in Vietnam (with a population of about six million people), has developed as the center of commerce and industry in Vietnam. It experiences the rapid increase in population, inflow of people and the expansion of the city. The Saigon River, the Dong Nai River, and the Nha Be River flow through Ho Chi Minh City and create a complex network of canals and sewers that are affected by tide levels. The city’s wastewater system had been developed since the 1870s by French. Subsequently the system was expanded and improved with assistance from U.S.A. However, the facilities have the capacity to meet the needs of only approximately 1.5 million people and, moreover, have markedly deteriorated, thereby causing a serious shortage of wastewater treatment capacity. At the same time, in the city’s wastewater system treatment facilities have not been adequately developed, which creates a situation in which collected wastewater is commonly discharged into water canals and drainage canals without being treated. Thus, the city’s water canals and drainage canals are extremely contaminated. The urban environment has been marred and, what is worse, there is concern about negative impact on the health of residents by waterborne diseases. Hence, it is an urgent issue to improve water quality and alleviate flood damage by developing wastewater and drainage systems.
(2) Development Policies for the Water Supply and Sewerage Sector in Vietnam and the Priority of the Project The Vietnamese government’s Ten-Year National Environment Protection Strategy (2003) and Five-Year Social and Economic Development Strategy (2006-2010) have established numerical objectives in environmental improvements; to develop a centralized wastewater system in 40% of urban districts and 70% of export processing zones by 2010 and to provide connection to the centralized wastewater system in 100% of urban districts, industrial areas and export processing zones by 2020. This project is consistent with these objectives.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Water Supply and Sewerage Sector The Japan’s Country Assistance Program for Vietnam (July 2009) states that priority will be given to assistance for “urban environmental management” within the frame of “environment conservation” which is one of the four main pillars of assistance. This project is consistent with the Program. Moreover,...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Industrial Corridor Development in the Philippines Metro Manila, which only account for 0.2% of land in the country, is the center of economic activities in the country, serving around 37% of total GDP produced and 13% of the total population in the country. Although, it has scarce available land left for the development of an industrial parks, and suffers from severe traffic congestion. Therefore, industrial parks are expanding to the South and North of Metro Manila. In order to further expand investment opportunities in the surrounding areas of Metro Manila, where economic growth is expected to continue, the Government of the Philippines (hereinafter referred to as “GOP”) intends to establish a Mega Manila Economic Sphere covering Central Luzon Region and CALABARZON Region (Cavite, Laguna, Batangus, Rizal and Quezon provinces) through the development of a logistical corridor, such as the Subic–Xxxxx–Manila–Batangas (SCMB) Corridor. Central Luzon, situated approximately 100 km North of Metro Manila, is an area expected to rapidly grow, since the neighboring Xxxxx Airport is expected to become an international airport, contributing to the convenience of the region. On the other hand, in evolving the industrial clustering in Luzon area, Central Luzon needs to address accessibility issues of its hindered linkage with logistics hubs, such as Metro Manila, Xxxxx Airport, Subic Port and Batangas Port, by extending the SCMB Corridor to the North through the construction of expressways.
(2) Development Policies Regarding the Industrial Corridor Development in the Philippines and Priority of the Project The GOP claims to enhance productivity and strengthen international competitiveness through improved logistics between the economic center and the surrounding areas, specifically the logistics corridors in the surrounding areas of Metro Manila, in the “Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016).” (hereinafter referred to as “PDP”) PDP indicates that GOP plans to develop the SCMB Corridor first and extend it to the North and South. Central Luzon Link Expressway Project (hereinafter referred to as “the Project”), which expands the SCMB corridor to the North by constructing expressways, is well aligned with the above. In addition, “Public Investment Program (2011-2016)” (hereinafter referred to as “PIP”) formulated by the Department of Public Works and Highways (hereinafter referred to as “DPWH”) prioritizes the project to be completed...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Electricity Sector in Iraq The long-term economic sanctions and conflicts had been devastating the economic and social environment of Iraq. However, after the Iraq War in 2003, the country is finally undergoing reconstruction and development with the support from the international society. The electricity sector is the foundation of various activities of the economy and society, and it is essential for the reconstruction of Iraq. However, due to years of lack of new investments/maintenance management and plunder, the functions in all sub-sectors, such as power generation, transmission, transformation, and distribution, have been extremely deteriorated until today. The average daily power supply which was 9,000 megawatts (MW) in 1990s was declined to lower than 3,000MW right after the Iraq War. After the war, with the support from international society, the Government of Iraq has been making effort for the reconstruction of the electricity sector as one of the priority areas. However, the power supply had recovered only up to 5,500MW as of 2009, while the average daily demand is 12,000MW, and long unplanned power outage are forced regularly accordingly. Thus the reconstruction of the electricity sector in Iraq, especially the improvement of power generation capacity, is one of the top priority issues.
(2) Development Policies for the Electricity Sector in Iraq and the Priority of the Project In the Third National Development Strategy by the Government of Iraq in February 2007, the following four pillars for the post-war reconstruction and national development for 2007-2010 were announced; 1) Strengthening foundations of economic growth, 2) Revitalizing the private sector, 3) Improving the quality of life, and, 4) Consolidating the good governance security and stability in the country. The prioritized target of this strategy includes reduction of unplanned power outage, fulfillment of power-supply demand, improvement of power generation performance, and expansion of transmission/transformation performance.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Electricity Sector At the International Conference on Reconstruction in Iraq held in Madrid, Spain in October 2003, the Government of Japan announced up to 5 billion US$, that consists of 1.5 billion US$ in grant aid in reply to the emergency reconstruction demand of Iraq, and up to 3.5 billion US$ in ODA Loans to meet middle-term reconstruction demand. Since “Revitalizin...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Present State of Development and Problems of the Road Sector in Cambodia Due to slow progress in railway network development in Cambodia, road transportation plays a central role in domestic transportation. Cambodia is located between Thailand and Vietnam. The territory is also located in the heart of the Southern Economic Corridor, where initiatives to strengthen connectivity are being promoted under the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity approved at the 2010 ASEAN top-level meeting. Because of its location, Cambodia is expected to become a regional distribution hub. Cambodia is making a progress in rehabilitating its transportation infrastructure since the civil wars ended in 1991 with help of the international community, including Japan, World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Rehabilitation and construction on the core part of its road and bridge infrastructure has almost been completed for the first time during the post-war period. However, some further rehabilitation is still needed due to aged parts and makeshift repairs after the civil war and the narrowness of the roads in order to cope with the increase in domestic and international logistics in line with expected future economic growth in the country. In particular, Cambodia’s arterial national road No.5 is a part of Asian Highway Route No.1 and the Southern Economic Corridor, so it is expected to function as a main industrial artery of the Mekong region. Despite the temporary repairs done on the project section, road quality is inferior and traffic volume is steadily increasing. Therefore, enhancing transportation capacity and improving transportation efficiency have become pressing issues in the race to cope with increased domestic and international freight given expected future economic development in Cambodia.
(2) Development Policies for the Road Sector in Cambodia and the Priority of the Project The government of Cambodia has defined rehabilitation and construction of infrastructure as one of the four pillars of its 2014-2018 National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP). In this context, the Cambodian government defined improvement of traffic networks and the building of intermodal freight transport networks as priority areas. Under the National Road Network Master Plan (M/P) formulated in 2006 with the help of JICA, the improvement of national road No. 5 is defined as a priority project, since the project is considered contributory to national and regional integration as part of the South...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Agricultural and Forest Sector in the Republic of Turkey
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Disaster Management Sector in Bangladesh The People’s Republic of Bangladesh faces the Bay of Bengal and 90% of the land is situated in the world’s largest delta, a low-lying area at an elevation of 10m or less above sea level. Approximately 20% of the land is inundated in rainy season. Beside that a cyclone strikes the country nearly every year. Meteorological and climatic factors, as well as topographical factors, cause a high frequency of natural disasters. According to the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), the total number of deaths due to natural disaster in the past 30 years from 1985 through 2014 was more than 170 thousand and that of the affected people of natural disaster was over 262 million. Bangladesh’s annual average economic loss in the same period was approximately 570 million dollars, which accounted for about 0.9% of the average GDP in the same period. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disaster in the world. Also, a major earthquake that occurred in Nepal, its neighbor country, in April 2015 elevated the sense of vigilance against earthquakes. The Disaster Management Act was enforced in 2012 in Bangladesh under the support of international development agencies. The act provides that disaster risk reduction and emergency measures shall be comprehensively implemented under the initiative of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR). However, the disaster risk management system is still fragile and the inter-ministerial formulation of disaster risk reduction plans and guidelines and the lateral communication system among relevant ministries and agencies to disaster risk reduction have not been appropriately established. As for infrastructure recovery and rehabilitation, although disaster risk reduction measures based on independent criteria have been taken in each ministry or agency, there are many cases where an investment in disaster risk reduction is not made due to insufficient coordination among ministries and agencies, and the neighboring areas are at high risk of suffering disaster because of the government’s failure to carry out timely repairs. An example of investment in disaster risk reduction may be cited the fact that although a budget for an embankment road has been prepared, a budget for repairing the foundation of the embankment is not secured. There is a room for improvement in the effective and efficient use of a disaster risk reduction budget. In ...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Electricity Sector in Nepal Nepal is endowed with abundant water resources and has hydropower potential of an estimated 83,000MW and economically effective hydropower of an estimated 42,000MW. The power-generating capacity in 2011, however, remained a mere 706MW. The country depends on hydroelectricity for 90% of its power generation, but most of the existing hydroelectricity power plants are disproportionately run-of-river type, while there are only two reservoir type hydroelectricity power plants (a total of 92MW) that can seasonally adjust the flow of water used for power generation. The reservoir type hydroelectricity power plants were built with assistance from Japan. Therefore, electricity output falls substantially in dry seasons and the country becomes short of electricity supply of more than 400MW. In such situations, annual electricity sales per capita is 91kWH (2009), which is one of world’s lowest levels, and the country needs to perform planned outage for a maximum of 16 hours per day in dry seasons, causing serious problems in people’s lives and economic activities. Moreover, according to the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), peak demand is expected to continue to increase by around 9% per year: an increase in the capacity of power generation is an urgent issue.
(2) Development Policies for the Electricity Sector in Nepal and the Priority of the Project In the Three Year Interim Plan (2010-11 to 2012-13), Nepal’s topmost national development strategy, the Government of Nepal views development of economic infrastructure, including electricity, as one of the top priority issues. At the end of 2008, it formulated a “National Electricity Crisis Mitigation Action Plan” and a “Ten-Year Hydroelectricity Development Plan”, aiming to develop hydroelectric power sources of 10,000MW in the next ten years to ease the power shortage at an early stage. The Plans find it essential to build storage- type hydroelectricity power plants that can stably supply electricity in dry seasons, and include this project. To meet electricity demand in dry seasons, construction of thermal or reservoir type hydroelectricity power plants is considered to be essential, but the Government of Nepal takes a negative stance toward thermal power plants because of the power generation cost and fluctuations in fuel import prices.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Electricity Sector JICA Country Analytical Work for Nepal analyzes ...
Background and Necessity of the Project. (1) Current State and Issues of the Disaster Risk Management Sector in Bangladesh The Dhaka Metropolitan Area and Chittagong District are the two largest cities in Bangladesh. Serving as the center of politics and economy, they hold some 15% of the population and account for some 50% of the national GDP. Dhaka and Chittagong have around 300,000 and 180,000 buildings, respectively, many of which do not comply with the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC). This has made the cities vulnerable to earthquakes and other natural disasters. Bangladesh is located in the Himalayan region, which is prone to frequent earthquakes. In fact, the country has experienced seven earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.0 or greater over the past 150 years. According to the study of the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme, it is predicted that a future earthquake of that magnitude may cause the partial or complete destruction of approximately 30% of buildings and the death of 40,000 to 150,000 people in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area and the partial or complete destruction of approximately 80% of buildings in Chittagong District. Meanwhile, human-made disasters caused by illegal construction have been attracting increasing attention, especially since 2013, when a multi-tenant building housing a sewing factory was collapsed and killed 1,135 people.
(2) Development Policies for the Disaster Risk Management Sector in Bangladesh and the Priority of the Project The Sixth Five Year Plan (from FY2011-2012 to FY2015-2016), the national development strategy of Bangladesh, aims to deal with urbanization by improving the seismic safety of buildings and creating a disaster-resilient environment in urban areas. Nevertheless, little progress has been made in the seismic retrofit of buildings. In particular, the problem is urgent in Dhaka and Chittagong, where political and economic functions are concentrated, since they have a great number of high-rise buildings, sewing factories, and other structures. Therefore, it is essential to implement the Urban Building Safety Project (hereinafter referred to as “this Project”) to improve the safety of buildings vulnerable to disasters.
(3) Japan and JICA’s Policy and Operations in the Disaster Risk Management Sector The JICA Country Analysis Paper for Bangladesh (issued in April 2013) identifies disaster preparedness as a priority issue. The Country Assistance Program for Bangladesh (issued in June 2012) also sets “overcoming social v...
